RESEARCH AGENDA HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN WEST YORKSHIRE (Medieval & Post-Medieval to 1914) Published Version, August 2013 © West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Colum Giles Colum Giles Historic Buildings Consultant St Peter’s Farmhouse, Main Street, Knapton, York YO26 6QG [email protected] 1 Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 Places of worship........................................................................................... 10 Post-medieval Anglican churches .............................................................. 10 Nonconformist chapels and churches and meeting houses ....................... 16 Roman Catholic Churches ......................................................................... 23 Institutional buildings ..................................................................................... 29 The law and Government Buildings ........................................................... 29 Town halls .............................................................................................. 29 Law courts .............................................................................................. 33 Prisons and lock-ups .............................................................................. 36 Police stations ........................................................................................ 37 Fire stations ............................................................................................ 39 Hospitals, workhouses and charitable institutions ...................................... 42 Education ................................................................................................... 46 Schools and higher education buildings ................................................. 46 Mechanics' Institutes .............................................................................. 49 Cultural and social buildings ...................................................................... 52 Libraries .................................................................................................. 52 Public and associational meeting halls: assembly rooms, concert halls, museums and galleries, clubs ................................................................ 54 Military buildings (pre-1914): barracks and drill halls ..................................... 58 Leisure, sport and entertainment ................................................................... 59 Theatres, music halls and cinemas ............................................................ 60 Sporting facilities ........................................................................................ 61 Public parks ............................................................................................... 63 Public houses and temperance halls and hotels ........................................ 65 Commercial buildings .................................................................................... 68 Cloth halls and wool exchanges ................................................................. 68 Warehouses (excluding warehouses in mills, factories and transport infrastructure: see industrial research strategy) ......................................... 69 Corn exchanges and market halls .............................................................. 71 Shops, banks and offices ........................................................................... 73 Inns and hotels ........................................................................................... 76 Agricultural buildings ...................................................................................... 81 Domestic architecture .................................................................................... 90 Rural houses: elite housing - the country house, gentry houses and manufacturers' 90mansions ....................................................................... 90 Rural houses; rural vernacular houses; rural villas, rural workers’ housing 96 Rural vernacular houses 1400-1830 ....................................................... 96 Rural villas ...................................................................................... 102102 Rural workers’ housing ......................................................................... 104 Urban houses ........................................................................................... 109 Medieval to 1700 .................................................................................. 109 2 Urban houses 1700-1914; early town houses, Victorian elite and middle- class houses; urban workers’ housing .................................................. 117 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 125 The Historic Environment Record: strengths, weaknesses and opportunities ............................................................................................ 126 The promotion of research ....................................................................... 126 Developing criteria for identifying research priorities ................................ 127 Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the following for commenting on drafts of this document: Stuart Wrathmell, West Yorkshire Joint Services Ian Sanderson, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Elizabeth Chamberlin, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service David Hunter, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Rosalind Buck, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Jason Dodds, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Karl Lunn, West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Sarah Pearson (urban housing) Paul Barnwell, Oxford University Division of Continuing Education (Places of worship) Gillian Cookson (Places of worship) Kathryn Morrison, English Heritage (Commercial buildings) Joanna Smith, English Heritage (institutional buildings) Allan Brodie, English Heritage (institutional buildings) Lucy Jessop, English Heritage (country houses) George Sheeran (urban housing) Alan Petford (rural houses) Simon Taylor (libraries) Dr Katy Layton-Jones, University of Leicester (designed landscapes) 3 Introduction This review of research priorities for historic buildings in West Yorkshire is one of a number of reviews of the archaeology of the county undertaken or commissioned by the West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service (WYAAS) (see website reference, Bibliography, below). Similar documents have been produced or are planned for different archaeological periods or subjects such as Industrial Archaeology and when completed are publicly available on the Service’s web pages. The purpose of the document is two-fold. The more general objective is to set out the state of knowledge relating to historic buildings in West Yorkshire and to identify the priorities for future research which will advance scholarship and understanding. The document will, it is hoped, therefore be useful to the research community. ‘Priorities’ are defined in the present review in an academic sense: that is, they identify which areas of research will lead to significant advances in knowledge and understanding of West Yorkshire’s history. They are not, therefore, based on the degree of threat or risk faced by different categories of building. Thus, while there is a great deal to be discovered about, for example, country houses, it is not likely that research in this subject area will be driven by a perceived threat to this type of building. A second exercise to assess priorities on the basis of vulnerability would be necessary to match the ‘academic’ priorities identified in the present document with threat: this would indicate where action (that is, research) is most urgently needed to protect the historic environment. The more specific objective is to guide WYAAS in its monitoring of the planning system and to inform the advice which it gives to owners and occupiers of historic buildings and to local authorities, specifically in relation to the need for recording of buildings for which some degree of change is proposed. This advice will benefit from knowledge of the areas where, on the one hand, understanding of a building type is well established and, on the other, of where key questions remain to be answered and where, therefore, further recording can add significantly to understanding and ultimately to better protection. The review was a desk-based exercise undertaken in the first half of 2013. The method employed in the review was to take building categories in turn for discussion and analysis. The state of existing knowledge was assessed through examination of published and unpublished research and of the holdings of the Historic Environment Record (HER) relating to each category of building. Records in the HER were identified using the database, which permits searches by period, building type and location, and the index of building reports, which is less searchable but which largely duplicates the HER database. The identification of research priorities was based upon the assessment of the adequacy of the HER and published and unpublished literature in providing good knowledge of each building type. This assessment indicated where further research has potential to enhance understanding. This document includes a review of all medieval and post-medieval (to