World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List (second edition) Roy Walmsley Introduction Key points The World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List gives CC Two and a half million people in pre-trial detention and details of the number of prisoners held in pre-trial other forms of remand imprisonment are recorded in this detention and other forms of remand imprisonment in 211 List. In addition it is believed that there are about 250,000 independent countries and dependent territories. It also such prisoners in China and, taking account of those in the shows the percentage of pre-trial/remand prisoners within countries on which official information is unavailable and of each national prison population and the pre-trial/remand those pre-trial detainees in police facilities who are omitted population rate (the number of pre-trial/remand prisoners from national totals, there will be close to three million per 100,000 of the national population). Information is also held in pre-trial detention and other forms of remand given on the trend in the pre-trial/remand population rate. imprisonment throughout the world. An estimate is made of the total world pre-trial/remand CC The total includes some 480,000 in the United States, population and attention is drawn to differences in the 255,000 in India, 195,000 in Brazil, 116,000 in Russia, level of pre-trial/remand imprisonment across the world. 107,000 in Mexico, 70,000 in the Philippines, 66,000 in The information is the latest available at the beginning of Thailand, 55,000 in Iran, 50,000 in both Indonesia and May 2014. Pakistan, 48,000 in Turkey, 47,000 in Bangladesh, 44,000 The International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS) in South Africa, 40,000 in Colombia, 37,000 in both Nigeria published in November 2013 the tenth edition of the and Peru, 35,000 in Venezuela, 32,000 in Morocco and World Prison Population List. This World Pre-trial/Remand 31,000 in Argentina. Imprisonment List (like the World Female Imprisonment CC In a majority of countries (56%) the proportion of the List, the second edition of which was published in 2012) total prison population who are in pre-trial/remand provides information about a specific section of the imprisonment is between 10% and 40%. But pre-trial/ prison population; both of them complement the World remand prisoners constitute more than 40% of the prison Prison Population List and the information which the ICPS population in about half the countries of Africa and the publishes and updates monthly in the World Prison Brief Americas and in South Central Asia and Western Asia. section of its website (www.prisonstudies.org). CC The countries with the highest proportion of the total prison In providing information about prisoners held in pre-trial population in pre-trial/remand imprisonment are: Comoros and other forms of remand imprisonment, this List refers (92%), Libya (87%), Liberia and Bolivia (both 83%), to those persons who, in connection with an alleged Democratic Republic of Congo (82%), Benin, Congo and offence or offences, are deprived of liberty following Lebanon (all 75%), Monaco (73%), Paraguay (72.5%), Haiti a judicial or other legal process but have not been (71%), Cameroon and Yemen (both 70%), Nigeria (69%), definitively sentenced by a court for the offence(s). They Bangladesh (68%), Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela (all will be in one of five stages, although not all legal systems 67%) and India and Pakistan (both 66%) and not all cases will involve all five stages: • the ‘investigation’ stage, when they are being CC In a majority of countries (55%) the pre-trial/remand interrogated to see if there is justification for bringing a population rate is below 40 per 100,000 of the national court case against them; population. However, in the Americas only three countries do not exceed that level and thirteen countries have rates • the ‘awaiting trial’ stage, after the investigation has of more than 150 per 100,000. ended and a decision has been taken to bring a court case; CC Guam, the U.S. territory in the Pacific Ocean, has the highest rate in the world, with 272 per 100,000 of the island’s • the ‘trial’ stage, while the trial is actually taking place; population, followed by Panama (261), Grenada (209), Belize • the stage when they have been convicted by the court (202), U.S. Virgin Islands (195), Uruguay (194), Antigua but not yet sentenced – the ‘convicted unsentenced’ & Barbuda (186), St Kitts & Nevis (181), Curacao (169), stage; and Seychelles (163), Barbados (162), Bahamas (159), Trinidad & Tobago (157), U.S.A. (153) and Anguilla-U.K (150). • the ‘awaiting final sentence’ stage, when they have been provisionally sentenced by the court but are CC The available trend information shows that the pre-trial/ awaiting the result of an appeal process which occurs remand population rate (the proportion of the national before the definitive sentence is confirmed. population that are in pre-trial/remand imprisonment) has grown in 98 countries and fallen in 80. In Africa and Asia The World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List has been it has fallen in more countries than it has grown but in compiled, like the World Prison Population List, from a Europe and Oceania it has grown in more countries than variety of sources. In almost all cases the original source it has fallen and in the Americas the rate has grown in 32 is the national prison administration of the country countries and fallen only in seven. concerned, or else the Ministry responsible for the prison administration. 1 World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List (second edition) Table 1 AFRICA Total number Date Percentage Estimated Pre-trial/remand Trend information in pre-trial/ of total national population rate (pre-trial/remand remand prison population (per 100,000 of population rate) imprisonment population (at date shown) national pop’n) Northern Africa Algeria 5,500 8/12 10.0% 36.57m 15 2000 32; 2004 31; 2008 20 Egypt 6,392 31/12/06 9.9% 73.61m 9 2001 16; 2005 12 Libya 4,440 15/9/13 87.2% 6.21m 71 2004 121; 2007 110; 2010 104 Morocco 32,626 30/9/12 46.2% 32.65m 100 2000 79; 2005 87; 2010 95 Sudan 3,893 /13 20.4% 37.96m 10 2003 4; 2011 7 Tunisia 13,000 11/13 52.0% 10.88m 119 not available Western Africa Benin 5,174 /10 74.9% 8.85m 58 2002 46; 2007 67 Burkina Faso 2,418 31/12/13 41.5% 18.17m 13 2000 11; 2005 10; 2010 12 Cape Verde 399 /12 29.6% 494,000 81 1999 65; 2010 66 Côte d’Ivoire c. 3,916 31/12/13 c. 44.0% 20.55m c. 19 2002 22; 2007 17 Gambia c. 300 31/12/13 c. 30.0% 1.88m c. 16 1999 8; 2009 14 Ghana 3,012 7/10/13 21.4% 26.25m 11 2001 11; 2005 17; 2010 14 Guinea (Conakry) c. 1,690 /13 c. 65.0% 11.75m c. 14 2002 17; 2008 18 Liberia c. 1,516 /13 c. 83.0% 4.29m c. 35 2007 23; 2009 29 Mali 2,492 /13 50.2% 15.30m 16 2002 25; 2011 17 Mauritania 807 /13 48.5% 3.89m 21 2010 19 Niger 3,845 /13 54.0% 17.83m 22 2007 27; 2010 16 Nigeria 36,983 30/6/13 68.7% 170.23m 22 2000 22; 2005 20; 2010 22 Senegal 3,491 21/12/12 41.4% 13.24m 26 2000 18; 2005 19; 2008 23 Sierra Leone 1,913 18/9/13 58.3% 6.12m 31 2005 14; 2009 19 Togo 2,648 /13 61.8% 6.41m 41 not available Central Africa Angola 9,487 11/11 47.7% 19.81m 48 1999 29; 2003 23 Cameroon 16,800 12/11 70.0% 21.41m 78 2003 76; 2008 76 Chad 3,064 31/12/11 63.4% 12.26m 25 2005 20 Congo (Brazzaville) c. 975 31/12/12 75.0% 4.39m c. 22 not available Dem Rep of Congo c.18,000 /10 c. 82.0% 62.19m c. 29 not available Gabon c. 1,166 /13 c. 33.3% 1.67m c. 70 2006 78 Sao Tome e Principe 25 30/9/13 12.9% 194,000 13 2002 53; 2006 45; 2010 49 South Sudan c. 3,600 6/11 c. 45.0% 10.38m c. 35 not available Eastern Africa Burundi 4,035 31/12/13 51.8% 9.13m 44 2002 77; 2005 66; 2010 69 Comoros 189 10/13 91.7% 740,000 26 not available Djibouti c. 275 /13 c. 50.0% 873,000 c. 32 1999 47; 2011 44 Ethiopia 15,723 2009-10 14.0% 82.44m 19 1999-2000 48; 2004-05 33 Kenya 18,720 10/12 36.0% 42.97m 44 2001 45; 2005 61; 2009 51 Madagascar c. 9,921 /13 53.0% 22.48m c. 44 1999 88; 2005 78; 2010 38 Malawi 1,957 4/9/13 15.6% 16.35m 12 2001 19; 2005 17; 2010 8 Mauritius 1,052 16/1/13 39.5% 1.32m 80 2000 33; 2005 67; 2009 59 Mozambique 5,108 9/13 32.6% 25.10m 20 1999 49; 2008 23 Rwanda 3,952 31/12/12 7.1% 11.41m 35 not available Seychelles 144 13/8/12 24.3% 88,500 163 2006 33; 2010 148 Tanzania 17,224 17/10/13 50.1% 49.17m 35 2000 54; 2005 52; 2010 44 Uganda c.