Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Plant Pathologist’s Pocketbook 3rd Edition 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:45 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:45 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Plant Pathologist’s Pocketbook 3rd Edition Edited by J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenné and S.J. Waller CABI Publishing 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant pathologist’s pocketbook / edited by J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenné and S.J. Waller. --3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-458-X (hardcover) -- ISBN 0-85199-459-8 (pbk.) 1. Plant diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Plant diseases--Bibliography. I. Waller, J. M. II. Lenné, Jillian M. III. Waller, S. J. (Sarah J.) SB601 .P57 2001 632′.3--dc21 2001020356 Pbk ISBN 0 85199 459 8 Hbk ISBN 0 85199 458 X Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Tuesday, November 06, 2001 3:27:30 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Contents Contributors viii Preface to the 3rd Edition x Part I: Recognition and Evaluation of Plant Diseases 1 Landmarks in Plant Pathology 1 2 Some Major Plant Diseases 4 J.M. Lenné 3 Surveys and Sampling 19 M. Holderness 4 Disease and Yield Loss Assessment 25 P.S. Teng and W.C. James 5 Postharvest Diseases 39 Revised by J.M. Waller 6 General Bibliography of Plant Pathology 55 Compiled by J.M. Waller 7 Bibliography of Crop and Plant Diseases 60 Compiled by J.M. Waller 8 Collection and Dispatch of Plant Material 72 J.M. Waller and B.J. Ritchie Part 2: Causes of Plant Disease 9 Fungi as Plant Pathogens 75 J.M. Waller and P.F. Cannon v 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen vi Contents 10 Bacteria and Plant Disease 94 G. Saddler 11 Virus Diseases 108 Revised by J.M. Waller 12 Phytoplasma Plant Pathogens 126 P. Jones 13 Plant Parasitic Nematodes 140 J. Bridge and T.D. Williams 14 Insect and Other Arthropod Pests 163 G.W. Watson 15 Weeds 175 P.J. Terry and C. Parker 16 Parasitic Higher Plants 183 C. Parker 17 Non-infectious Disorders 190 J.M. Lenné 18 Air Pollution Effects and Injury 195 A.R. Wellburn 19 Effects of Climate Change 203 S. Chakraborty Part 3: Disease Diagnosis and Investigation 20 Detection and Isolation of Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens 208 J.M. Waller 21 Microscopy 216 J.M. Waller 22 Immunological Techniques 221 F.M. Dewey 23 Biochemical and Molecular Techniques 229 P. Bridge 24 Inoculation 245 J.M. Waller 25 Epidemic Modelling and Disease Forecasting 252 M.W. Shaw 26 Design of Experiments 266 J. Riley Part 4: Disease Management 27 Plant Health and Quarantine 279 J.M. Waller 28 Regional and Country Lists of Plant Diseases 287 Revised by J.M. Waller 29 Seed Health 309 Revised by J.M. Waller 30 Cultural Control 318 A.J. Termorshuizen 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents vii 31 Disease Resistance 328 J.M. Waller and J.M. Lenné 32 Fungicides 336 D. Hollomon 33 The Application of Chemicals for Plant Disease Control 345 G.A. Matthews 34 Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens 354 S.S. Navi and R. Bandyopadhyay 35 Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds 366 H.C. Evans Part 5: General Techniques and Information 36 Safety in the Laboratory 379 B.J. Ritchie 37 Culturing, Preservation and Maintenance of Fungi 384 D. Smith 38 Mycological Media and Methods 410 B.J. Ritchie 39 Photography 432 E. Boa 40 Standards and Measurements 446 Compiled by J.M. Waller 41 Publication 454 J.M. Waller 42 Electronic Databases and Information Technology in Plant Pathology 461 H.L. Crowson and L.A. McGillivray 43 Glossary of Plant Pathological Terms 470 Compiled by J.M. Lenné 44 Useful Addresses 487 General Index 491 Diseases and Pathogens Index 505 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contributors Contributors R. Bandyopadhyay, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India E. Boa, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK J. Bridge, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK P. Bridge, Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK P.F. Cannon, CABI Bioscience UKCentre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK S. Chakraborty, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia H.L. Crowson, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UK F.M. Dewey, Plant Sciences Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK H.C. Evans, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK M. Holderness, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK D. Hollomon, Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK W.C. James, ISAAA AmeriCenter, c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA P. Jones, Plant Pathogen Interactions (PPI), IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK viii 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contributors ix J.M. Lenné, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India G.A. Matthews, International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK L.A. McGillivray, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UK S.S. Navi, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India C. Parker, 5 Royal York Crescent, Bristol BS8 4JZ, UK J. Riley, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK B.J. Ritchie, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK G. Saddler, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK M.W. Shaw, Department of Agricultural Botany, School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK D. Smith, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK P.S. Teng, Monsanto Company, Kings Court II Building, 2129 Chino Roces Avenue, Makati City, Philippines A.J. Termorshuizen, Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands P.J. Terry, Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK J.M. Waller, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK S.J. Waller, 45 St Michaels, Longstanton, Cambridge, UK G.W. Watson, Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK A.R. Wellburn, formerly of Division of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK T.D. Williams, 4 Warren Park, West Hill, Ottery St Mary, Devon EX11 1TN, UK 9 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vp Monday, October 29, 2001 4:37:46 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Preface to the 3rd Edition Preface to the 3rd Edition The second edition of the Plant Pathologist’s Pocketbook published in 1983 is now well out of date and this edition has been completely reorganized to create a format more suitable to the current needs of plant pathologists. The traditional and well-known title has been retained although the book is now rather larger than ‘pocketbook’ size. The contents have been arranged into five sections covering the main activity groups in plant pathology. Several new topics have been added including chapters covering epidemiology and disease forecasting, disease resistance, biochemical and molecular techniques, and electronic databases and information technology. Other topics covered in the second edition have all been revised or completely rewritten and the associated bibliographies updated. In order to keep the pocket book to size it has been necessary to restrict accounts of most subjects to succinct overviews, but hope- fully the attached bibliographies will provide sufficient information to assist pathologists with their work.