The Southern Krong Ana Watershed Dak Lak Province, Vietnam A Baseline Survey Consultancy Report Prepared by Vo Hung, Tuyet Hoa Niekdam, Nguyen Tien, Pham Tan Ha, Nguyen Minh Anh Compiled by Werner Schindele Buon Ma Thuot, Nov 2006 MRC-GTZ Cooperation Programme Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme Watershed Management Project (WSMP) The opinions and interpretations expressed in this report are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Mekong River Commission and/or GTZ and/or the Watershed Management Project. The version presented is the unedited original as submitted by the author, which has not been screened for factual or other errors. Table of Content Page Summary 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Methodology and Approach ...................................................................................... 1 1.3. Development Plans of Relevance for the Pilot Area ................................................. 3 1.4. Programs, Projects, Activities in the Pilot Area ......................................................... 3 2. Biophysical Environment .................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Location, Administrative Boundaries and Area ......................................................... 6 2.2. Landscape and Topography...................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Mountains........................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. River Valleys ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Slope.................................................................................................................. 7 2.3. Climate and Meteorological Data .............................................................................. 7 2.3.1. Climatic Regions ................................................................................................ 7 2.3.2. Temperature....................................................................................................... 8 2.3.3. Rainfall ............................................................................................................... 8 2.3.4. Wind................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.5. Sunshine .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3.6. Evaporation...................................................................................................... 11 2.3.7. Humidity ........................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Geology, Soils and Land Suitability......................................................................... 11 2.4.1. Geology............................................................................................................ 11 2.4.2. Soils ................................................................................................................. 12 2.5. Land Suitability........................................................................................................ 15 2.6. Accessibility and Roads .......................................................................................... 17 2.7. Flora and Fauna...................................................................................................... 18 2.7.1. Regional Flora.................................................................................................. 18 2.7.2. Regional Fauna................................................................................................ 18 3. Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................................ 20 3.1. Demographic Data .................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1. Settlement History............................................................................................ 20 3.1.2. Population ........................................................................................................ 20 3.1.3. Population Growth and Migration..................................................................... 21 3.1.4. Ethnicity and Religion....................................................................................... 22 3.2. Livelihood ................................................................................................................ 22 3.2.1. Living Standard ................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2. Electricity and Communication......................................................................... 24 3.2.3. Markets, Business and Local Industry ............................................................. 24 3.2.4. Infrastructure, Machinery and Equipment ........................................................ 25 3.2.5. Public Transport............................................................................................... 26 3.2.6. Education ......................................................................................................... 26 3.2.7. Access to Water............................................................................................... 26 3.2.8. Sanitation and Health....................................................................................... 27 3.2.9. Farm Activities.................................................................................................. 27 3.2.10. Off-Farm Activities and Employment ............................................................ 30 3.2.11. Dependency on Forest Products for Livelihood............................................ 31 3.2.12. Income and Income Sources........................................................................ 33 3.3. Village Administration and Social Organisation....................................................... 35 3.4. Effects of Forest Land Allocation............................................................................. 36 3.5. Problems, Issues and Constraints from the Perspective of the People .................. 36 3.6. Potential Fields of Intervention With Special Reference to NRM ............................ 37 4. Land Management.......................................................................................................... 38 4.1. Land-use ................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.1. Land Use Classification and Distribution.......................................................... 38 4.1.2. Land-use Changes and Development Trends ................................................. 40 4.1.3. Development Potential..................................................................................... 41 4.2. Land Management .................................................................................................. 43 4.2.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework .................................................................... 43 4.2.2. Institutions, Administration & Organisation ...................................................... 45 4.2.3. Land Tenure and Land Allocation .................................................................... 47 4.2.4. Problems, Issues and Constraints ................................................................... 49 4.2.5. Potential Fields of Intervention......................................................................... 49 5. Forest Resources and Management .............................................................................. 51 5.1. Vegetation Types and Forest Cover........................................................................ 51 5.1.1. Description and Distribution ............................................................................. 51 5.1.2. Relevance for Water Management .................................................................. 54 5.1.3. Forest Cover Changes ..................................................................................... 54 5.1.4. Development of Forest Cover Until 2010 ......................................................... 57 5.2. Forest Administration and Organisation .................................................................. 57 5.3. Forest Classification................................................................................................ 58 5.4. Management of Natural Production Forest ............................................................. 59 5.4.1. State Forest Enterprises .................................................................................. 59 5.4.2. Communities, User Groups and Households (Forest Land Allocation)............ 61 5.4.3. Forest Management Board .............................................................................. 62 5.4.4. Leased Forests ................................................................................................ 63 5.5. Plantation Forest Management ............................................................................... 63 5.5.1. Industrial Timber Plantation