Scott "William H enry non ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents ATF.NEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bellarmine Hall, Katipunan Avenue Loyola Hts., Quezon City Philippines P.O. Box 154, 1099 Manila, the author Copyright 1994 by Ateneo dc Manila and First printing 1994 Second printing 1995 Cover design by Fidel Rillo journals; chaptef: have been published in Philippine Earlier versions of certain chapters chapter 4 ,n PtoUppma Culture and Society (Scott 1990a); 2 in Phiimnne. Quarled) of (Scott 1992 ). chapter 5, m Kinaadman Sacra (Scott 1990b); and part of from the Codex reproduced in this book are taken Foreword ix The illustrations from the Boxer Quirino and Mauro Garcia in article on the Codex by Carlos taken from the Boxei Cod | INTRODUCTION cover illustration , orknce «7 (1958)- 325-453. For the | University of Indiana, winch gav, The Word. “Barangay " • The Word "Filipino” 9 The Filipino People Jded by the Lilly Library of the "L p 9 The Beyer Wave Migration Theory Philippine Languages permission for its reproduction. A Word about Orthography Data 1 National Library Cataloging-in-Publication PART The Visayas Recommended entry: CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL APPEARANCE 17 Decorative Dentistry. 9 Tattooing 9 Skull Moulding 9 Penis Pins 9 9 9 9 Scott, William Henry. Circumcision Pierced Ears Hair Clothing Jewelry th-century Barangay : sixteen .35 Philippine culture and society / CHAPTER 2: FOOD AND FARMING City Rice 9 Root Crops 9 Sago • Bananas 9 Visayan Farming Terms by William Henry Scott. - Quezon Fanning 9 9 Fishing 9 Domestic Animals 9 Cooking ADMU Press, cl 994. - 1 v Camote Hunting Betel Nut 9 Distilling and Drinking 9 Drinking Etiquette 1. Ethnology - Philippines. CHAPTER 3: TRADES AND COMMERCE .54 I. Title. Ironworking 9 Woodworking 9 Architecture 9 Boat Building 9 9 9 9 Trade GN308.3P5 305.8009'599 1994 P944000012 Pottery Goldworking Weaving Textiles Domestic The 9 International Commerce ISBN 971-550-135-4 (pbk.) Chinese Enigma ISBN 971-550-138-9 (pbd.) CHAPTER 4: RELIGION Underworld • Omens Nature Spirits • The Unseen World • The Spirit • and Burial and Divination • Worship • Idols • Origin Myths Death Mourning • The Afterlife CHAPTER 5: LITERATURE AND ENTERTAINMENT Instruments The Alphabet • Literature • Epics • Folklore • Musical Vocal Music • Dancing • Gaines <md Gambling SCIENCE CHAPTER 6: NATURAL Foreword Environment • Health and. Hygiene * Ailments • Treatment Timekeeping • Wmch and Weather • Seamanship CHAPTER 7: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION • £)«*« • Timawa • Oripun • Debt and Dependence • Community Kinship • Law • Marriage • Inheritance • Property and Labor CHAPTER 8: WEAPONS AND WAR • Warfare Sruottfe and Daggers • • Missiles • Defensive Arms • Raiding Purpose, and Causes of Wars • Strategy and Tactics Sea Defense • Peace Pacts • Epic Heroes PART 2 Mindanao and Luzon William Henry Scott (1921-1993), distinguished historian and emi- CHAPTER 9: MINDANAO scholar, puts us in considerable debt with the publication of Barangay: Caraga • Butuan • Dapitan • Epic Culture • Sarangani Island nent Society. By bringing to die fore the Maguindanao • Sulu Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and native inhabitants of the archipelago who in colonial documents and sadly CHAPTER 10: BIKOLANDIA even in historical writing are relegated to the background, Scott fills an • Alphabet • W. Agriculture • Drinking * Social Structure • Religion The of sixteenth-century Philip- l: egregious lack. The book is an ethnography answers the question: What did the Spaniards 189 ifpine communities that CHAPTER 11: TAGALOG CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Filipino people when they first met them? | actually say about the The Tagalog’s World • Technology • Trade • The Alphabet | Scott derived his information to answer the question from an extensive 217 base. major cluster of his sources is the historical docu- CHAPTER 12: TAGALOG SOCIETY AND RELIGION bibliographic A * the colecciones de Kinship • Social Structure • Land and Property • Warfare Religion ments published in five collections. The first three are unpublished documents, cited in this !? documentos ineditos (collections of 243 CHAPTER IS: CENTRAL LUZON volume as CDIA, CDIU, and CVD), published by the Spanish government • * Pangasinan Culture Pampanga Culture • Pampanga Law Lawsuits Navarrete’s five volumes and i beginning in 1825 with Martin Fernandez Zambals and Negritos The is Blair and Robertson s i totaling sixty volumes by 1932. The fourth collection (BR) fifty-five volumes of translations into 257 The Philippine Islands, 1493—1898 , CHAPTER 14: NORTHERN LUZON English. The fifth collection is the ongoing Historia delaProvinciaAgustiniana The Igorots • Cagayan Culture j Isacio Rodriguez with volume \ del Smo. Nombre deJesus de Filipinos (HPAE) by • Essay 282 collections is a Afterword 272 • Notes 277 Bibliographical 1 20 being the most recent. In addition to these published • Bibliography 288 • Index 300 T 5 vii j sources as chronicles, analyzes decorative dentistry, skull moulding, penis pins, circumcision, ear- wide array of such other published and unpublished books, catechisms, piercing, hair, clothing, jewelry, and tattooing. The treatment of each item travel accounts, navigational logs, letters, sermon goes as far as the documents allow. In the case of tattooing, for example, reports, and dictionaries. sixteenth century, Scott examines various aspects of the custom such as who wore tattoos; Dictionaries figure importantly in this book. In the only a small number of how, when, and on which parts of the body they were applied; who actually there were about a million and a half natives and applied them; what were their regional variations; what risks to health they of the acute imbalance between their number and that missionaries. Aware j teaching the posed. Most important of all, the author explains what tattoos meant in of the native population and the enormous challenge in decided to commu| society. natives the Spanish language, the Spanish missionaries j If the information Scott gathered together in his book is representative languages. They calculated that it was more efficient for nicate in the local j 1 to the entire native of what the Spaniards said about the natives, it is clear that they said quite them to learn the local languages than to teach Spanish j efforts toward the a lot — at least, quite a lot more than is normally supposed. A case can be population. A consequence of the decision was serious ; languages. made that the Spaniards carefully took note of details in the native world production of tools in aid of teaching missionaries the local dictionary so as to destroy or transform native culture the more thoroughly. But Among these tools were Spanish-vernacular, vernacular-Spanish ; hundred printed pages, these prescinding from their motives, the Spaniards collected data that now ies. Some comprising more than seven also provide in the allow us to attempt a description of the native world. dictionaries not only list hundreds of local words but possible for most; Spanish documentary sources were products of the colonial machinery. glosses samples of actual usage of the words. In a way not things were; They were written by Spaniards, for Spanish purposes such as trading, other sources, these dictionaries open for us a window to how gives the evangelization, tribute-taking. But as he shows in Cracks in the parchment perceived in local categories. The Sanchez Samareno dictionary Bikolan(| curtain and other essays in Philippine history, Scott had found a way of catching phases of the moon for every day of the month; the Lisboa Hiligaynorf “fleeting glimpses of Filipinos and their reactions to Spanish domination dictionary defines the parts of the backstrap loom; the Menu icla terms. And the . unintentional and merely incidental to the purpose of the documents.” dictionary contains the most extensive glossary of seafaring found in And particularly in this book, Scott took seriously all available texts in the San Buenaventura Tagalog dictionary includes ethnographic data commercial local languages which, despite their Spanish provenance, are indigenous in none of the accounts—details of technology and industry, rituals the most basic sense. In them, the nadves are the objects of study and of contracts and interest rates, head taking and puberty rites, mortuary colonial intervendon. Yet, they remain subjects as well, since it is they who and sexual mores. wide geo- in the first instance spoke the language the missionaries used. The docu- This ethnography of sixteenth-century Philippines covers a | sources and the chronol- ments conserve the native languaging of the native world. graphical terrain. Due to the spread of available ; chapters on Scott ventured to answer the question: What did the Spaniards actually ogy of Spanish activities in the early years of colonization, the portion of the book. say about the Filipino people when they first met diem? Using a wide array the Visayan islands comprise the most substantial of sources and a method conducive to gleaning information on native Luzon and Mindanao, however, also get proportionate attention: the; Visayas— inhabitants, Scott lays out an answer to the question in a manner that second half of the book provides a survey of areas outside of the j peninsula, and the reveals an intensely committed scholarship and an unfailing affection for the island of Mindanao, the Cagayan Valley, the Bikol Scott had notes his adopted people. territory of Tagalog, Pampanga, Pangasinan communities. completion;; for a chapter on the Ilocos, but his