RECONSTRUCTING CAMBODIAN GENOCIDE IN DIGITAL HUMANITIES: A SPATIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF CONFESSIONS AND ARRESTS IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Kok-Chhay Ly December 2018 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by Kok-Chhay Ly B.S., Burapha University, 2014 M.A., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by James A. Tyner , Advisor Scott C. Sheridan , Chair, Department of Geography James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... iii & iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. v & vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEGMENT .............................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Problem .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Purpose of the Study .......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Outline ............................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 8 2.1 Genocide and Mass Violence ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Digital Humanities .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Social Network Analysis ................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODLOGY ......................................................................... 16 3.1 Overview of Site Study ..................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Modelling of Administrative Structure of Khmer Rouge ............................................... 20 3.3 Modelling of Prisoners’ Confessions .............................................................................. 25 3.4 Modelling of Arrest and Execution Logs ........................................................................ 28 3.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 32 3.6 Data Collection Techniques ............................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSES AND RESULTS ......................................................................... 36 4.1 Reconstructing Ministry of Commerce ........................................................................... 36 4.2 Network Analysis and Visualization ............................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Data Mining ........................................................................................................ 38 4.2.2 Relationship Matrix ............................................................................................ 41 4.2.3 Visualization in NodeXL .................................................................................... 43 4.2.4 Network Centrality ................................................................................................48 4.2.4.1 Betweenness Centrality ....................................................................................48 iii 4.2.4.2 Closeness Centrality.........................................................................................51 4.2.4.3 Eigenvector Centrality .....................................................................................54 4.3 Spatiotemporal Analysis under Arrests and Executions .................................................. 56 4.3.1 Spatial Networks Analysis ................................................................................... 56 4.3.2 Temporal Networks Analysis .............................................................................. 59 4.3.2 Series of Chorological Operation ......................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ............................................................. 67 5.1 Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................... 67 5.2 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 69 5.3 Limitation ......................................................................................................................... 71 5.4 Suggestions for Future Research ..................................................................................... 72 5.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 75 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 78 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 84 A Python scripts: Building a Relationship in Matrix .......................................................... 84 B List of Appreciations ........................................................................................................ 87 C List of Prisoner’s ID ........................................................................................................ 88 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Democratic Kampuchea Map ................................................................................ 17 Figure 2: The Administrative Boundaries of DK ........................................................................ 18 Figure 3: The Administrative Structure of S-21 .......................................................................... 21 Figure 4: Chart of the Administrative Structure of DK ............................................................... 24 Figure 5: Confessions from S-21 ................................................................................................. 27 Figure 6: Arrest Logs from S-21 ................................................................................................... 31 Figure 7: Flow chart of research methods .................................................................................... 34 Figure 8: Structure of Ministry of Commerce ............................................................................. 38 Figure 9: The Hierarchy Diagram of Arrests in the Cofessions .................................................. 41 Figure 10: The relationship of Matrix in the Excel Sheet ............................................................ 42 Figure 11: A visualization in NodeXL ......................................................................................... 44 Figure 12: Harel koren fast multiscale ......................................................................................... 45 Figure 13: Clustering the Network in the confessions ................................................................. 46 Figure 14: Clustering the Network in the Motif .......................................................................... 47 Figure 15: Group by Motif in NodeXL ........................................................................................ 47 Figure 16: The Frequency of Betweenness Centrality ................................................................. 49 Figure 17: Network in the betweenness Centrality ...................................................................... 50 Figure 18: The Frequency of Closeness Centrality ...................................................................... 52 Figure 19: Network in the Closeness Centrality .......................................................................... 53 Figure 20: The Frequency of Eigenvector Centrality .................................................................. 54 Figure 21: Network in the Eigenvector Centrality ....................................................................... 55 Figure 22: Clustering Arrests the Network by Zone Level .......................................................... 57 Figure 23: Clustering the Network by Arrested Date ................................................................... 59 Figure 24: Clustering the Network by Execution Date ................................................................ 60 Figure 25: Arrested Operations from 1st – 4th Quarter, 1976 ...................................................... 62 Figure 26: Arrested Operations in 1st Quarter, 1977 .................................................................... 63 v LIST OF FIGURES (continue) Figure 27: Arrested Operations in 1st Quarter, 1977 ................................................................... 64 Figure 28: Arrested Operations in 2nd Quarter, 1977 .................................................................