Diving For Science 2009 Proceeding of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Scientific Symposium Neal W. Pollock Editor Atlanta, GA March 13-14, 2009 ii The American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) was formed in 1977 and incorporated in the State of California in 1983 as a 501c6 nonprofit corporation. Visit: www.aaus.org. The mission of AAUS is to facilitate the development of safe and productive scientific divers through education, research, advocacy, and the advancement of standards for scientific diving practices, certifications, and operations. Acknowledgments Thanks to Alma Wagner of the AAUS main office for her organizational efforts and the team from the Georgia Aquarium who hosted many events for the 2009 symposium of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences: Dr. Bruce Carlson Chief Science Officer Jeff Reid Diving Officer Jim Nimz Assistant Diving Officer Mauritius Bell Assistant Diving Officer Special thanks to Kathy Johnston for her original artwork donations (www.kathyjohnston.com) and Kevin Gurr (http://technologyindepth.com) for his dive computer donations. Both provide continued support of the AAUS scholarship program. Cover art by Kathy Johnston. Thanks to Mary Riddle for proof-reading assistance. ISBN 978-0-9800423-3-7 Sea Grant Publication # CTSG-10-09 Copyright © 2010 by the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 iii Table of Contents Scientific Diving and the Law: an Evolving Relationship Dennis W. Nixon........................................................................................................................1 Diver Exposure Scenario for the Portland Harbor Risk Assessment Sean Sheldrake, Dana Davoli, Michael Poulsen, Bruce Duncan, Robert Pedersen...................7 Submerged Cultural Resource Discoveries in Albania: Surveys of Ancient Shipwreck Sites Derek M. Smith .......................................................................................................................19 The Minerals Management Service's Seafloor Monitoring Program David A. Ball............................................................................................................................23 Underwater Acoustic Ecology: Boat Noises and Fish Behavior Phillip S. Lobel........................................................................................................................31 Convenient Fish Acoustic Data Collection in the Digital Age Kathryn E. Kovitvongsa and Phillip S. Lobel.........................................................................43 Use of Technical Diving to Study Deep Reef Environments in Puerto Rico Clark Sherman, Richard Appeldoorn, Milton Carlo, Michael Nemeth, Hector Ruíz, Ivonne Bejarano.................................................................................................58 2008 Battle of the Atlantic Survey Methodology Joseph C. Hoyt........................................................................................................................66 Habitat-Mediated Signal Reception by a Passive Acoustic Receiver Array as Determined by Scuba Surveys James Lindholm, Ashley Knight, Jeremiah Brantner, Les Kaufman and Steven Miller.......75 Torrid Seas to Icebound Lakes: Shipwreck Investigations within NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries Tane R. Casserly.....................................................................................................................86 Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary and Texas A&M University at Galveston: Building a Research and Learning Partnership Kevin Buch, Emma Hickerson...............................................................................................91 Exceptional Areas, Significant Challenges, a Perfect Opportunity: The National Marine Sanctuary University Partnership Program Bradley W. Barr, Robert Pavia...............................................................................................95 The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Science Needs Assessment: A To Do List for Ocean Conservation Mitchell Tartt..........................................................................................................................99 The Etiology of Spinal Cord Decompression Sickness: A Literature Review Dawn N. Kernagis.................................................................................................................106 iv The Haldane Effect Michael A. Lang, Alf O. Brubakk..........................................................................................112 Community Science for In-Shore Marine Resource Management: Building a Toolkit Drawing on the Magothy River Association Experience Richard B. Carey, Richard V. Ducey, Carolyn Winter, Miriam Kelty, Sally Hornor, Bruce Macphail................................................................................................125 Assessing Seasonal Variation in Epibenthic Community Structure on Restored Oyster Reefs: Macrovertebrate Biodiversity and Polychaete (Nereis succinea) Biomass Elizabeth J. Ducey..................................................................................................................140 Exploring the 'Marine Twilight Zone' in the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea, Israel Oded Ben-Shaprut, Beverly Goodman-Tchernov..................................................................156 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Fish Detection Using Haar Classifiers Bridget Benson, Junguk Cho, Deborah Goshorn, Ryan Kastner...........................................160 Science of the National Association for Cave Diving (NACD): Water Quality, Hydrogeology, Biology and Psychology Donald F. Kendrick................................................................................................................168 Health of Coral Reefs: Measuring Benthic Indicator Groups and Calcuating Tipping Points Mark M. Littler, Diane S. Littler............................................................................................175 Collaborative Diving for Science: A Report on the Diving Equipment, Techniques and Collaborative Approach Used to Conduct Subtidal Shellfish Surveys in Coos Bay, Oregon Vallorie J. Hodges, Caren E. Braby, Alix M. Laferriere.......................................................192 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes Suggest Two Sources for Little Salt Spring Noelle J. Van Ee, E. Rick Riera-Gomez................................................................................199 Approaches for Analyzing Behavioral Interactions of Fishes Using Time Series Video Observations at an Ocean Observatory off the Coast of Georgia Amy E. Paquette, Peter J. Auster, Michael D. Arendt...........................................................206 Tourist Charge Capacities for Recreational Scuba Diving in Marine Protected Areas and Establishment of Interpretative Underwater Paths Vicente Munoz-Fernandez, Alejandro Ramirez-Cordero, Eduardo Rios-Jara......................216 Algal Garden Cultivation and Guarding Behavior of Dusky Damselfish on Coral Rubble and Intact Reef in Dry Tortugas National Park Valentina Di Santo, Christopher M. Pomory, Wayne A. Bennett.........................................222 Population Analysis of an Introduced Coral Species, Tubastraea coccinea, in Florida Tonya L. Shearer....................................................................................................................229 Design and Evaluation of Cold Water Diving Garments Using Super-Insulating Aerogel Fabrics M. Lew Nuckols, D.E. Hyde, J.L. Wood-Putnam, J. Giblo, G.J. Caggiano, J.A. Henkerner, B. Stinton.....................................................................................................237 v Underwater Paleontology: Recovery of a Prehistoric Whale Mandible Offshore Georgia Scott E. Noakes, Erv G. Garrison, Greg B. McFall................................................................245 Symposium Speaker Schedule ...........................................................................................................252 vi In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2009. Scientific Diving and the Law: An Evolving Relationship Dennis W. Nixon College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 9 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA [email protected] Abstract This paper will review the development of both the American Academy of Underwater Science (AAUS) and the University – National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS). Casualties and their related legal implications were central to the development of both groups, as well the need for common safety and operational standards. The role of the scientific diving exemption under the Occupational and Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rules, and the recent interest from the U.S. Coast Guard in revising commercial diving regulations will be discussed, along with three recent high-profile casualties that have focused attention on government and scientific diving. Keywords: OSHA, research vessel law, scientific diving law Historical Development of AAUS and UNOLS Both organizations have their beginnings in concerns over liability, and the special issues involved with conducting science at, or under, the sea. The origins of AAUS can be traced to the deaths of two scientific divers from Scripps in 1951, which led to the formation of the first scientific diving program in the United States. The goal of the