BBSR-Online-Publikation, Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe Imprint Published by Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) within the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR), Bonn Editing Jürgen Göddecke-Stellmann, Dr. Rupert Kawka, Dr. Horst Lutter, Thomas Pütz, Volker Schmidt-Seiwert, Dr. Karl Peter Schön, Martin Spangenberg In cooperation with Gabriele Costa, Dirk Gebhardt, Heike Kemmerling, Claus Schlömer, Stefan Schmidt, Marisa Trimborn Translation Beatrix Thul Reprint and Copying All rights reserved Quotation BBSR: Metropolitan areas in Europe. BBSR-Online-Publikation 01/2011. Eds.: Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) within the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR), Bonn, January 2011. ISSN 1868-0097 © BBSR January 2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 2 Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Professor Michael Parkinson, Liverpool John Moores University, for useful suggestions which help improve the translation. Acknowledgement BBSR-Online-Publikation Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 3 Table of contents 1 Metropolitan regions – an evidence-based policy programme 2 Metropolitan functions – the key towards analysing metropolitan areas 2.1 Metropolitan functions: theoretical backgrounds and models 2.2 Redefining metropolitan functions 3 From theory towards empiricism: metropolitan functions – indicators and measuring concept 4 Locations and spatial distribution of metropolitan functions in Europe 4.1 Metropolitan function “politics” 4.2 Metropolitan function “economy” 4.3 Metropolitan function “science” 4.4 Metropolitan function “transport” 4.5 Metropolitan function “culture” 4.6 Locations with metropolitan functions in Europe – overall analysis of all functional areas 5 Metropolitan areas – spatial concentration of significant metropolitan functions 5.1 Density of metropolitan functions 5.2 Defining metropolitan areas in Europe 5.3 Functions and characters of metropolitan areas 5.4 Classifying European metropolitan areas 6 Conclusions for the German and European spatial development policy Notes/Bibliography Annex 1 List of indicators used Annex 2 Quantitative presentation of metropolitan areas Table of contents BBSR-Online-Publikation Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 4 Table of figures Figure 1: Population distribution in Europe Figure 2: Urban population in regions all over the world Figure 3: The “Blue Banana” (“Tissus de Villes”) Figure 4: The polycentric “Bunch of Grapes” model Figure 5: The European “Pentagon” Figure 6: Classification of cities in Europe Figure 7: Functional significance of the Metropolitan European Growth Areas (MEGAs) Figure 8: European metropolitan regions in Germany (1997) Figure 9: Metropolitan functions in Germany (2005) Figure 10: Growth and Innovation concept Figure 11: European metropolitan regions in Germany (as at 1 July 2010) Figure 12: Spatial distribution of locations of metropolitan functions Figure 13: Operationalising the functional areas by indicators Figure 14: Indicator groups of the metropolitan function “politics” Figure 15: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “national government” Figure 16: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “supranational and politically oriented organisations" Figure 17: Spatial distribution of the functional area “politics” Figure 18: Indicator groups of the metropolitan function “economy” Figure 19: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “enterprises” Figure 20: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “advanced producer services” Figure 21: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “banks” Figure 22: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “markets” Figure 23: Spatial distribution of the functional area “economy” Figure 24: Indicator groups of the metropolitan function “science” Figure 25: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “education and research” Figure 26: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “scientific Figure 27: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “entrepreneurship and innovation Figure 28: Spatial distribution of the functional area “science” Figure 29: Indicator groups of the metropolitan function “transport” Figure 30: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “air passenger transport” Figure 31: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “air freight transport” Figure 32: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “long-distance passenger rail transport” Figure 33: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “maritime goods transport” Figure 34: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “data traffic” Figure 35: Spatial distribution of the metropolitan function “transport” Figure 36: Indicator groups of the metropolitan function “culture” Figure 37: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “arts” Figure 38: Spatial distribution of the indicator group “sports” Figure 39: Spatial distribution of the metropolitan function “culture” Figure 40: Spatial distribution of metropolitan functions in Europe Table of figures BBSR-Online-Publikation Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 5 Figure 41: Densities of metropolitan functions with various search radiuses Figure 42 Density categories of metropolitan functions Figure 43: Density of metropolitan functions according to functional areas Figure 44: Metropolitan areas and significant locations of metropolitan functions (cores) Figure 45: Metropolitan functions in metropolitan areas Figure 46: Types of metropolitan areas in Europe Figure 47: Metropolitan functions in Germany Table of figures BBSR-Online-Publikation Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 6 Study background and structure Study objectives: redefining metropolitan functions, depicting their spatial distribution in Europe, defining and classifying metropolitan areas. The structure of the study is based on the gradual analytical steps according to which the metropolitan areas in Europe were defined: • In Chapter 1, the topic will be introduced and the history of metropolitan regions in the fields of spatial research and spatial planning, forming the background of this study, will be presented. • In Chapter 2, metropolitan functions, the main analytical categories of metropolitan areas, will be discussed in theory and newly derived. It thus provides the theoretic basis for the empirical analysis. • In Chapter 3, the redefined metropolitan functions will be operationalised, i.e. indicators will be assigned to them. In addition, the measurement concept used for the empirical analysis will be presented. • Chapter 4 will present the analytical results of each metropolitan function and will give an overview of the distribution of metropolitan functions in locations in Europe. • In Chapter 5, the study's main step will be taken: analytically defining metropolitan areas in Europe based on location-related metropolitan functions as well as comparing and classifying them in terms of their significance. In doing so, the metropolitan areas were for the first time consistently defined for the whole European territory with the BBSR Accessibility Model. • In Chapter 6, conclusions for the German and European spatial development policy will be presented and open questions will be discussed in terms of further research activities. Metropolitan areas = analytical areas Metropolitan regions = programme areas The study distinguishes between metropolitan areas and metropolitan regions. Metropolitan areas according to this study are those areas or places in which a large variety of metropolitan functions are densely concentrated. They are thus analysis-based territorial units and not established territorial study units (such as large city regions, agglomerations). Metropolitan regions, however, represent a policy concept. Especially in Germany, the term “metropolitan region” has gained a policy meaning through initiatives and stipulations of the Federal Government, the federal states and local authorities. It mostly represents voluntary local associations or cooperation within or of regions aimed at dealing with self­ organisation and governance issues, developing strategies or executing projects. Generally, it represents a new spatial category which has emerged as a result of a bottom­ up process based on territorial-administrative structures. Study background and structure BBSR-Online-Publikation Nr. 01/2011 Metropolitan areas in Europe 7 1 Metropolitan regions – an evidence-based policy programme The phenomenon of metropolitan regions – whether called global city, world city or metropolitan area – has already been much investigated and “planned” in many key policy programmes although it has not yet been comprehensively analysed from the spatial point of view and operationalised. This is where the current study starts by discussing from the outset the issue of metropolitan functions. What turns areas into metropolitan areas? Do they represent economic key functions within a globalised economy or do historical, political and cultural factors also play a role? The study therefore first focuses on redefining metropolitan functions beyond classical explanatory models. For that purpose, theories and patterns from the fields of social science and regional economics will be analysed. Secondly, metropolitan functions and their spatial distribution in Europe will be analysed. The result is an analytically and theoretically substantiated, comprehensive view of European metropolitan areas. Globalisation and metropolisation – a tandem It is obvious