SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV INSTITUTIONEN FÖR NORDISKA SPRÅK VID UPPSALA UNIVERSITET 100 CARL OLIVER BLOMQVIST Flerspråkighet eller språkförbistring? Finska segment i svenska medeltidsbrev 1350–1526 2017 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihresalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3, Uppsala, Saturday, 22 April 2017 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Docent Terhi Ainiala (Helsingfors universitet, Finska, finskugriska och nordiska institutionen). Abstract Blomqvist, C. O. 2017. Flerspråkighet eller språkförbistring? Finska segment i svenska medeltidsbrev 1350–1526. (Linguistic Confusion or Multilingualism? Fragmentary Finnish in Old Swedish Charters c. 1350–1526.). Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 100. 320 pp. Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska språk, Uppsala universitet. ISBN 978-91-506-2620-9. This thesis examines fragmentary Finnish in Late Old Swedish charters (c. 1350–1526) issued in the Finnish part of the Swedish realm, the diocese of Åbo. Consisting mostly of proper names, albeit occasionally displaying Finnish inflectional and derivational morphology, these fragments have previously not generally been regarded as representing actual written Finnish, but rather as onomastic loans or transcriptions of oral language by more or less monolingual Swedish scribes. This thesis attempts a description and analysis of the Swedish–Finnish language mixture, to see to what extent the embedding of Finnish segments in these Swedish- language charters can be said to reflect scribal proficiency in Finnish or a lack thereof. The thesis relies on theoretical and empirical findings in the fields of code-switching and historical sociolinguistics. To provide a socio-historical context for the linguistic analysis, sociolinguistic conditions in medieval Finland and the textual genre of medieval charters are outlined. The bilingual segments in the data are then described and compared with models of code-switching from modern studies, to see whether their form corresponds to patterns that could be expected of more or less balanced bilinguals. The choice between Swedish and Finnish linguistic variants is also considered in the light of textual and sociolinguistic factors, and a study is made of Finnish grammatical transfer in the scribal Swedish of medieval Finland. Although the scarcity of the medieval data does not allow definite conclusions, the tentative results reveal a language mixture that is mainly well formed, though limited in scope and with some instances of scribal errors that could be due to a lack of proficiency in Finnish. On the other hand, the insertion of Finnish segments shows a stylistic patterning that suggests a linguistic awareness on the part of the scribes, and the choice of Swedish prepositions in certain constructions differs quantitatively from the norm in non-Finnish parts of medieval Sweden, in a way that can partly be attributed to the influence of Finnish locative case semantics. While it is apparent that proficiency levels in Finnish must have varied somewhat among medieval scribes in Finland, the results point to a more or less bilingual proficiency, or at least extensive passive knowledge of Finnish. Keywords: Old Swedish, Finnish, code-switching, historical sociolinguistics, toponyms, anthroponyms, charters, Middle Ages Carl Oliver Blomqvist, Department of Scandinavian Languages, Box 527, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Carl Oliver Blomqvist 2017 ISSN 0083-4661 ISBN 978-91-506-2620-9 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316613 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316613) ”Jag sökte till en början inte svaren i den omgivande verkligheten – och jag tror inte heller, att man finner de slutliga svaren där.” – G. H. von Wright Innehåll Förord ............................................................................................................ 11 1 Inledning .............................................................................................. 13 1.1 Bakgrund ......................................................................................... 15 1.2 Syfte och frågeställningar ............................................................... 21 1.3 Avhandlingens disposition .............................................................. 23 1.4 Notationskonventioner .................................................................... 24 2 Teoretisk bakgrund .............................................................................. 26 2.1 Kodväxling ...................................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Inledning ................................................................................ 27 2.1.2 Kodväxling och grammatik ................................................... 28 2.1.3 Kodväxling och lån ................................................................ 30 2.1.4 Kodväxling och tvåspråkighet ............................................... 32 2.1.5 Kodväxlingstypologi .............................................................. 35 2.1.6 Orsaker till kodväxlingens utformning .................................. 42 2.1.6.1 Lexikalisk och typologisk likhet mellan språken ....... 45 2.1.6.2 Prestige och status ...................................................... 49 2.1.6.3 Språkfärdighet ............................................................ 50 2.1.6.4 Kontakt ....................................................................... 52 2.1.6.5 Tid .............................................................................. 53 2.1.6.6 Attityder/normer ......................................................... 53 2.1.6.7 Situationella faktorer .................................................. 55 2.1.6.8 Sammanfattning .......................................................... 56 2.1.7 Sammanfattning ..................................................................... 57 2.2 Kodväxling i historiskt material ...................................................... 57 2.2.1 Historisk sociolingvistik ........................................................ 57 2.2.2 Tidigare forskning i historisk kodväxling .............................. 60 2.2.3 Skriftlig kodväxling ............................................................... 67 2.2.4 Medium, texttyp och kodväxling ........................................... 68 2.2.5 Sammanfattning ..................................................................... 75 2.3 Namn och kodväxling ..................................................................... 75 2.3.1 Inledning ................................................................................ 75 2.3.2 Kontaktonomastik och kodväxling ........................................ 77 2.3.3 Namn och kodväxlingsforskning ........................................... 84 2.3.4 Sammanfattning ..................................................................... 87 3 Material och metod .............................................................................. 89 3.1 Metoddiskussion ............................................................................. 89 3.2 Materialurval, excerpering och kodning ......................................... 92 4 Diplomspråk i det medeltida Finland................................................... 99 4.1 Inledning ......................................................................................... 99 4.2 Tid och sociala nätverk ................................................................... 99 4.3 Lexikalisk och typologisk distans ................................................. 100 4.4 Status, prestige och språkattityder ................................................. 101 4.5 Språkfärdigheter: skrivarnas språkliga bakgrund .......................... 109 4.5.1 Finska skriftkunniga under medeltiden ................................ 109 4.5.2 Finsk skriftkultur under medeltiden ..................................... 112 4.5.3 Spår av medeltida finsk skriftverksamhet ............................ 116 4.6 Situationella faktorer ..................................................................... 125 4.7 Sammanfattning ............................................................................ 128 5 Analys ................................................................................................ 129 5.1 Segmenttyper och variation .......................................................... 129 5.1.1 Inledning .............................................................................. 129 5.1.2 Sublexikala segment ............................................................ 130 5.1.2.1 Finska ortnamn av typen -(i)nen ............................... 131 5.1.2.1.1 Exempelfall och skrivarstrategier .......................... 133 5.1.2.2 Morfologisk anpassning och folketymologi ............. 138 5.1.2.3 Svenska kalkeringar och halva översättningar ......... 145 5.1.2.4 Partiella former ......................................................... 153 5.1.3 Supralexikala segment ......................................................... 156 5.1.3.1 Simplexord ............................................................... 156 5.1.3.2 Avledda ord .............................................................. 165 5.1.3.2.1 Personliga attribut .................................................. 166 5.1.3.2.2 Ortnamn ................................................................. 172 5.1.3.3 Sammansatta ord .....................................................