cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page i Human Security for All cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page ii INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS SERIES Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., series editor 1. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Basics of International Humanitarian Missions. 2. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Emergency Relief Operations. 3. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Traditions, Values, and Humanitarian Action. 4. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Technology for Humanitarian Action. cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page iii Human Security for All A Tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello Edited by KEVIN M. CAHILL, M.D. A Joint Publication of FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS and THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND COOPERATION New York • 2004 cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page iv Copyright © 2004 The Center for International Health and Cooperation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. International Humanitarian Affairs Series, No. 5 ISSN 1541-7409 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Human security for all : a tribute to Sergio Viera de Mello / edited by Kevin M. Cahill.-- 1st ed. p. cm. -- (International humanitarian affairs series, ISSN 1541-7409 ; no.5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2398-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 0-8232-2399-X (pbk.) 1. Humanitarian assistance. 2. War relief. 3. Peace-building. 4. Human rights. 5. Refugees. 6. Mello, Sérgio Vieira de, 1948-2003. III.Title. IV.Series: International humanitarian affairs ; no. 5. HV639.H84 2004 361.2’6--dc22 2004020440 Printed in the United States of America 070650454321 First edition cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page v This book is dedicated to the memory of a dear friend and colleague, Sergio Vieira de Mello, and to those who were killed with him while on a humanitarian mission in Iraq, and to all humanitarians who carry on their important work in the face of danger. cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page vi cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page vii CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Acronyms xiii The Conferral of the Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters on Sergio Vieira de Mello, 1948–2003 xv A Message from the United Nations Secretary-General, H.E. Kofi Annan xvii Introduction xix Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. PART ONE HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHTS OF THE DISPLACED Human Security as Framework for Post-Conflict Nation-Building: Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan 3 Sadako Ogata A Human Rights Agenda for Global Security 15 Irene Khan Trapped Within Hostile Borders: The Plight of Internally Displaced Persons 28 Francis M. Deng Humanitarian Action in a New Barbarian Age 52 David Rieff PART TWO POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS AND WORKING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO CREATE LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE Post-Conflict Transitions: The Challenge of Securing Political, Social, and Economic Stability 63 Mark Malloch Brown cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS Integrating Humanitarian Action 71 Arthur Dewey Humanitarianism’s Age of Reason 81 Ghassan Salamé The Role of the Media in Promoting and Combating Conflict 99 Shashi Tharoor Creating Local Level Stability and Empowerment in Cambodia 106 Roland Eng PART THREE MAINTAINING HUMANITARIAN SPACE IN CONFLICT ZONES The Challenges of Humanitarian Diplomacy 129 Jan Egeland Passion and Compassion 142 Jan Eliasson Preserving Humanitarian Space in a Long-Term Conflict 147 Peter Hansen Challenges to Independent Humanitarian Action in Contemporary Conflicts 165 Jacques Forster PART FOUR JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW A Sense of Justice 185 Dennis McNamara The Contribution of War Crimes Tribunals and Truth and Reconciliation Commissions 190 David Owen Healing with a Single History 215 Richard Goldstone Notes 229 cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page ix CONTENTS ix Contributors 243 Appendices Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations 247 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Magna Carta for all Humanity 249 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel 257 List of Persons Who Died as a Result of the Bombing of the UN Headquarters in Baghdad, Iraq, on 19 August 2003 271 Annex to Jacques Forster’s “Challenges to Independent Humanitarian Action in Contemporary Conflicts” 273 About the Center for International Health and Cooperation and the Institute for International Humanitarian Affairs 277 Index 289 cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page x cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a token of love and respect for a fallen colleague. All the contributors had worked with Sergio Vieira de Mello at one time or another during his long and illustrious career as an international human- itarian. Despite their own busy schedules, they accepted the challenge of writing a chapter distilling their own experiences because they shared my belief that a lasting tribute to Sergio should be one to help guide future generations. The symposium and book were supported by generous grants from the Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs of Fordham Univer- sity and the office of the Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) of the United Nations. Ed Tsui, and many of his colleagues in OCHA, including Marina Skuric-Prodanovic, graciously offered ideas and con- tacts during the planning stage of the symposium that led to this book. Special thanks are due to Father Joseph McShane, S.J., the President of Fordham University, for hosting the symposium at the Lincoln Center campus, and for conferring the first posthumous honorary doctorate in the 162-year history of the University. Sergio’s widow, Mrs. Annie de Mello, and their son, Laurent de Mello, accepted the honorary degree. Thanks are also due to Denis Cahill and Renee Cahill who worked as editorial assistants and to Mr. Robert Oppedisano and the staff at the Fordham University Press for their interest and help throughout the pub- lication process. cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xii cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xiii ACRONYMS ANC African National Congress ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AU African Union CHA Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies CIHC Center for International Health and Cooperation COE Council of Europe CPP Cambodian People’s Party CSSDCA Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator ESCE Economic and Security Cooperation in Europe EU European Union IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICFY International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IDHA International Diploma in Humanitarian Assistance IDP Internally Displaced Person IGAD Inter-governmental Authority on Development IHL International Humanitarian Law IIHA Institute for International Humanitarian Assistance JIM Jakarta Informal Meetings LICUS Low Income Countries Under Stress MCDA Military of Civil Defence Assets cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xiv xiv ACRONYMS MOU Memorandum of Understanding NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-governmental Organization OAS Organization of American States OCHA Office for the Coordination of Human Rights OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OPT Occupied Palestinian Territory OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSO Operations Support Officer RAO Refugee Affairs Officer RSG Representative of the UN Secretary-General SNC Supreme National Council of Cambodia TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UNAMIC UN Advanced Mission to Cambodia UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR UN High Commission for Refugees UNRWA UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority of Cambodia cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xv THE CONFERRAL OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF HUMANE LETTERS ON SERGIO VIEIRA DE MELLO (1948–2003) On 11 November 2002, two months after being named United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Sergio Vieira de Mello described the task of an international community committed to the pro- motion of human dignity: “To guide us to the greatest truth, to help us transcend the repetitions and the contradictions of our earthly experience and—perhaps even more important—to discover the unity of the world.” Less than one year later, while striving to realize these goals, Mr. Vieira de Mello and several other senior United Nations. officials were killed in a terrorist attack on the United Nations Mission in Baghdad. A native of Rio de Janeiro, Mr. Vieira de Mello joined the United Nations High Commission for Refugees in 1969 while still a philosophy student at the University of Paris. For the next three decades his compas- sion and courage took him to countries on the brink of independence— Bangladesh, Mozambique, and East Timor—as well as to Sudan, Lebanon, and other places where people suffered under the yoke of oppression. The new millennium ushered in even more ruthless disre- gard for human life, calling him to service in Rwanda, Kosovo, and, ulti- mately, Iraq. During his 33-year career with the United Nations, Sergio Vieira de Mello worked to advance the cause of peace and mutual understanding. Recalling the words of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, he cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page xvi xvi THE CONFERRAL proclaimed “freedom from fear and want . as the highest aspiration of the common people.” Sergio Vieira de Mello’s memory is best honored by recalling that life is a gift of immeasurable value, and that human dignity is to be both advanced and protected against all that would abridge or debase it.