ETHIOPIA: THIRD COUNTRY REPORT ON THE STATE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC) Addis Ababa, October 2012 IBC ETHIOPIA: THIRD COUNTRY REPORT ON THE STATE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC) Addis Ababa, October 2012 T ABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COUNTRY AND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR .................................... 12 1.1 Physiography ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Climatic features ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Vegetation ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Human Population ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.5 Agricultural sector ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.5.1 Major farming systems .............................................................................................................. 15 1.5.2 Seed supply systems .................................................................................................................. 17 1.5.3 Trends in crop production ......................................................................................................... 20 1.6 Methodology used for preparing this country report ................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2: STATE OF DIVERSITY ....................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Diversity of major crops and their relative importance ...................................................... 23 2.1.1Cereals ........................................................................................................................................ 24 2.1.2 Pulses ......................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Oil crops ..................................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.4 Fruits .......................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.5 Root and tuber crops ................................................................................................................. 34 2.1.6. Stimulant crops ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.7 Industrial crops .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.8 Medicinal Plants ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Minor and under‐utilized crops and their state of diversity ............................................... 37 2.2.1 Cereals........................................................................................................................................ 37 2.2.2 Pulses ......................................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.3 Oil Crops ..................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.4 Vegetables ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.2.5 Spices ......................................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.6 Root and tuber crops ................................................................................................................. 42 2.2.7 Stimulant crops .......................................................................................................................... 44 2.2.8 Forage species ............................................................................................................................ 44 2.3 Diversity of edible wild plants (EWP) .................................................................................. 45 2.4 The trend in use of farmers’ varieties ................................................................................. 47 2 2.5 The trend in use of improved crop varieties ....................................................................... 51 2.6 Factors affecting the state of crop diversity ....................................................................... 53 2.7 Future needs and priorities ................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 3: THE STATE OF IN SITU MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 58 3.1 Plant genetic resources survey and inventory .................................................................... 58 3.1.1. Survey and inventory of cultivatedplants…………………………………………………………………58 3.1.2 Survey and inventory of edible wild plants and crop wild relatives…………………………………… 59 3.2 On‐farm conservation of plant genetic resources…………………………………………………… ……..64 3.3 Conservation of wild PGRFA within and outside protected areas ...................................... 66 3.4 Assessment of major needs for in situ management of PGRFA ......................................... 67 CHAPTER 4: THE STATE OF EX SITU MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 69 4.1 Sustaining and expanding ex situ collections ...................................................................... 69 4.2 Germplasm conservation and maintenance ....................................................................... 71 4.3 Security of stored materials ................................................................................................ 72 4.4 Characterization .................................................................................................................. 73 4.5 Documentation .................................................................................................................... 74 4.6 Major constraints and needs of ex situ management ........................................................ 75 CHAPTER 5: THE STATE OF USE ........................................................................................................... 77 5.1 Utilization of conserved plant genetic resources ................................................................ 77 5.2 Access to farmers ................................................................................................................ 79 5.3 Constraints of use ................................................................................................................ 79 CHAPTER 6: THE STATE OF NATIONAL PROGRAMS, TRAININGS AND LEGISLATIONS ........................... 80 6.1 Ethiopia’s status on International and National legal frame works regarding Biological Resources 80 6.2 New development in the international legal frame work ................................................................ 81 6.3 New Development in Access and Benefit Sharing Activities in Ethiopia .......................................... 82 CHAPTER 7: THE STATE OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS ................................. 84 7.1 Regional, Sub‐regional and International Networks ........................................................... 84 CHAPTER 8: ACCESS TO PGRFA, SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING OUT OF THEIR USE AND FARMERS’ RIGHT............................................................................................................ .......................... 88 8.1 Access and benefit sharing legislations ............................................................................... 88 8.2 Access and Movement of PGRFA ........................................................................................ 88 3 8.3 Implementation of ABS in Ethiopia ABS agreement on tef (Eragrostis tef) ........................ 89 Stakeholders involved in PGRFA transfer/movement and their roles ...................................... 92 8.4 Needs regarding ABS ........................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 9: CONTRIBUTION OF PGRFA MANAGEMENT TO FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................... 95 9.1 Food security and economic development ......................................................................... 95 9.2 Agricultural sustainability .................................................................................................... 96 9.3 Cultural values ..................................................................................................................... 97 9.4 PGRFA and climate change .................................................................................................. 97 10. 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