CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector CRMVOLUM E 20 NO. 4 1997 Parks Canada Archeology and Aboriginal Partners U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE CRM CELEBRATING 20 YEARS OF PUBLICATION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE VOLUME 20 NO. 4 1997 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural Contents ISSN 1068-4999 resources An electronic version of this issue of CRM can be accessed through the CRM homepage at Parks Canada <http:llwww.cr.nps.gov/crm> DIRECTOR Sharing Experiences 3 Tales that Privies Tell 31 Roger G. Kennedy Christina Cameron Karlis Karklins ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Broadening Horizons 3 How Much Archaeological Inventory Katherine H. Stevenson Katherine Stevenson in Large National Parks is Enough?.. 33 EDITOR Martin Magne Ronald M. Greenberg The Federal Archaeology Office 4 Robert M. Harrold Imperilled Patrimony—Rescuing PRODUCTION MANAGER Threatened Archaeological Resources Karlota M. Koester Is Shared Leadership an Oxymoron?. 6 in Kluane National Park 37 Susan Hum-Hartley David Arthurs GUEST EDITOR Martin Magne Archaeology—A Crucial Role Threatened Archaeological Sites in the in Ecosystem Management 9 Mountain Parks 39 ADVISORS Martin Magne, Kurtis Lesick, Peter D. Francis David Andrews Peter Francis, Gwyn Editor, NPS Joan Bacharach Langemann, and Life on the Edge—The Cultural Value Museum Registrar. NPS Rod Heitzmann of Disappearing Sites 42 Randall J. Biallas Sharon Thomson Historical Architect, IMPS The Cultural Landscape of Susan Buggey a National Park 12 Early Holocene Archaeology and Director, Historical Services Branch Robert Ferguson Paleoecology on the Northern Parks Canada John A. Bums Northwest Coast 45 Architect. NPS Abandoning the Cult of the Artifact— Daryl Fedje Harry A. Butowsky Cultural Landscape Management on Historian, NPS the Chilkoot Trail 14 Ninstints Pole Conservation Project. 48 Pratt Cassity David Hems C.J. Taylor Executive Director, National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Muriel Crespi Archaeological Monitoring— Environmental Assessment—A Tool of Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Butchery or Surgery? 17 Cultural Resource Management. ... 50 Craig W Davis Pierre Beaudet Suzanne Richards Archeologist, NPS David Hems Mark R. Edwards NPS Archeology Program 20 Director, Historic Preservation Division, State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Frank McManamon Co-operative Management of John Hnedak Archaeological Resources— Architectural Historian, NPS The Threatened Archaeological A New Opportunity 51 Roger E. Kelly Collections Project 21 Martin Magne Archeologist, NPS Helen Dunlop Antoinette J. Lee Suzanne Plousos Aboriginal Land Claims and Cultural Historian, NPS John Poppeliers Resource Management 53 International Liaison Officer Preserving Archaeological Collections Ellen Lee for Cultural Resources, NPS for the Future 23 Brit Allan Storey Jennifer F.A. Hamilton Inuvialuit-Parks Canada Partnerships Historian, Bureau of Reclamation in Heritage 57 Federal Preservation Forum A New Tool for Cultural Resource William Fox CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Management 26 Stephen A. Morris Gary Adams Other People's History— Certified Local Governments (CLG) Coordinator, NPS Commemorating the Cultures Kay D. Weeks York Factory's Octagon— of Yukon First Nations 61 Technical Writer-Editor, NPS A Multi-faceted CRM Challenge ... 28 David Neufeld CONSULTANTS S. Biron Ebell Wm. H. Freeman Gary Adams Design, Imaging, Production-Freeman Publishing Services Cover: Haida poles at the World Heritage Site of Ninstints, Haida Cwaii. Photo by Rolf Bettner. Janice C McCoy Editing-Editorial Notes See map on page SI showing location of sites discussed in this CRM. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (2250), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, RO. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395, Fax 202-343-5260; email: <[email protected]>). 2 CRM N2 4—1997 Sharing Experiences t is with great pleasure that I welcome read­ Heritage's archaeological activities into one organiza­ ers of CRM to this issue dedicated to the tion), Parks Canada now provides service beyond the federal Canadian archaeology scene with a boundaries of our National Parks and National I focus on Parks Canada. In these times of Historic Sites. We are now actively providing policy reduced budgets, expanded partnerships, and increas­ advice and on-the-ground assistance to other federal ing interest in what we do, it makes good sense to use government agencies in Canada in the implementation the CRM to share with a wider audience our experi­ of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (1992). ences in managing archaeological resources. As well, we have made important advances in working You will see frequent reference to Parks Canada's with First Nations to ensure that aboriginal heritage—a Cultural Resource Management (CRM) Policy in this significant part of the national heritage—receives the volume. This policy is a comprehensive statement of attention it deserves. This volume describes some of the principles, practice and activities we use in manag­ the many varied research and conservation projects ing all types of cultural resources, including—but not that take place in our most highly valued natural and limited to, archaeological resources. The objective of cultural areas. It documents the important role archae­ the policy is "to manage cultural resources adminis­ ology in Canada plays in fostering national awareness tered by Parks Canada in accordance with the princi­ and reflecting the Canadian experience. I invite you to ples of value, public benefit, understanding, respect visit our National Historic Sites and National Parks to and integrity." The policy is our principal reference in see for yourselves the central role of cultural resource evaluating development options or in seeking mitiga­ management in Parks Canada. tion funds; it is our conscience in addressing all mat­ ters relating to cultural resources. —Christina Cameron As a result of the creation of the Federal Director General Archaeology Office within Parks Canada in 1995 National Historic Sites (which consolidated the Department of Canadian Parks Canada Broadening Horizons n the early 1990s, my predecessor, Jerry grams in Canada has resulted in a focus on care for Rogers, and Christina Cameron agreed to federal archeological resources and archeological cooperate in the production of CRM. The resources affected by federal actions. We compliment I scope of this cooperative venture was to Parks Canada on this recognition of the special archeo­ range from Canadian authors contributing articles, to logical expertise that it has provided for Canadian joint production of one or more issues each year, to National Parks and its professional ability to provide full issues on Canadian CRM topics—coordinated and programmatic and technical assistance to other edited by Canadian experts. I am pleased to report Canadian federal government agencies. This focus and that we have accomplished all of this. With the publi­ organization are similar to the range of national arche­ cation of "Parks Canada: Archaeology and Aboriginal ological responsibilities carried out by the archeology Partners" we have realized the hope of my Canadian program of the National Park Service. counterpart, Christina Cameron, for U.SVCanadian I look forward to other articles and issues of CRM cooperation on the CRM journal; and Jerry Rogers' devoted to CRM topics of interest to both Canada and wish to "draw more effectively upon Canadian exper­ the U.S. tise ... to augment the technical information avail­ able to preservationists in the U.S." —Katherine Stevenson The National Park Service welcomes this wide- Associate Director ranging and interesting set of articles describing the Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships archeological programs and projects of Parks Canada. National Park Service The recent reorganization of federal archeological pro­ CRM NS 4—1997 3 Robert M. Harrold The Federal Archaeology Office n 1988, the Government of Canada Archaeological Services Branch, National Historic released a discussion paper titled Sites Directorate, of Parks Canada provided Federal Archaeological Heritage— archaeology-related advice, policy and services to I Protection and Management. The paper Parks Canada land managers including the was a result of previous concerns expressed by the national parks, national historic sites, national archaeological/heritage communities that there was marine conservation areas and historic canals. The no umbrella policy requiring that archaeological Directorate for Archaeological Resource resources under federal jurisdiction be protected Management, Heritage Branch, was located within and managed. Recognizing that much of the the Cultural Development and Heritage sector and responsibility for archaeological heritage in provided advice and policy on archaeological mat­ Canada rested with the provinces, the document ters for all federal lands and waters not managed examined what the federal government was doing by Parks Canada. with respect to the archaeological heritage within A year later, Canada initiated a government its jurisdiction and