© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © JonesCHAPTER & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Peyker/Shutterstock. © Jones & Bartlett CrimeLearning, LLC and Victimology© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Stefan R. Treffers OBJECTIVES • To define© Jones victimology & Bartlett and criminology Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • To describeNOT FOR victims SALE of crime OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • To describe trends in crime and victimization • To outline the costs and consequences of criminal victimization © JonesKEY & TERMS Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCold SALE case OR DISTRIBUTION National CrimeNOT Victimization FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Crime victim Survey (NCVS) Crime victims’ rights Repeat victimization Criminology Victimology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Double victimization NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CASE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The NovemberNOT FOR 2, 2007 SALE murder ofOR British DISTRIBUTION exchange Rudy Guede, described as a drifterNOT, wereFOR also SALE con- OR DISTRIBUTION student Meredith Kercher in Perugia, Italy, set victed for the murder. The prosecution’s theory into motion an investigation that resulted in the was that the victim was forced to participate in a arrest, trial, and conviction of her roommate, sex game, fueled by drugs, which spiraled out of Amanda Knox, an exchange student from Seattle, control. Testimony focused on telephone records, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Washington. Knox’s boyfriend, university student text messages, DNA evidence, bloody fingerprints, NOT FORRaffaele SALE Sollecito, OR DISTRIBUTION and a neighbor of Kercher, and shoeNOT prints. FOR However, SALE 23-year-old OR DISTRIBUTIONKnox, who © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284130195_CH01_Burgess.indd 1 11/15/2017 8:26:39 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 CHAPTER 1 Crime and Victimology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, investigator LLC s inexperienced in working© Jones homi &- Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcide cases. Knox and Sollecito bothNOT asked FOR for SALE OR DISTRIBUTION attorneys but were denied counsel. The pros- ecution failed to establish motive or intent for the rape and murder. Knox could barely speak © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC or read Italian.© She Jones was interrogated& Bartlett for Learning, 41 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hours over 4 days,NOT did FORnot even SALE realize ORthat sheDISTRIBUTION was a suspect in the case, was pressured into signing a confession that wrongly accused her employer, and held a naive belief in the Italian justice system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesBoth &she Bartlett and Sollecito Learning, continued LLCto plead FIGURE 1-1 The Amanda Knox Case. their innocence despite serving 4 years in NOT FOR SALE ©OR Antonio Calanni/APDISTRIBUTION Photos. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION prison. In October of 2011, the Idaho Innocence served 4 years of a 26-year prison sentence, con- Project, a nonprofit focused on correcting and sistently denied any involvement in the murder preventing wrongful convictions, helped to (FIGURE 1-1).© An Jones appeal &of BartlettKnox’s conviction Learning, prove LLC Knox and Sollecito’s innocence© Jones via DNA & Bartlett Learning, LLC testing. The appeal process for both Knox and began in 2010.NOT Independent FOR expertsSALE claimed OR DISTRIBUTION that NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the collection of evidence fell below international Sollecito was favorable, and they were acquitted standards and that because of the errors made by of the murder charges. The defense said the evi- police during the original investigation, the evi- dence unequivocally pointed to a single attacker, dence against Knox and Sollecito should not be Guede, a drug dealer who fled toGermany after © Jonesadmissible & Bartlett(Vargas & Natanson, Learning, 2011). LLC the murder. He© wasJones arrested & Bartlett there, brought Learning, LLC NOT FORThis caseSALE raises OR three DISTRIBUTION important points with back to Italy, andNOT tried FORand convicted SALE of OR the killDISTRIBUTION- respect to the field of victimology. First, who are ing. His conviction was upheld on appeal, and he the victims? Clearly, Meredith Kercher was a remains in prison. rape-murder victim. But what about the status After the acquittal, Amanda Knox returned of Knox and Sollecito, who denied the prosecu- to her home in Seattle, Washington. The case, © Jones & Bartletttion’s Learning, theory and LLChave steadfastly maintained © oneJones of the & most-watched Bartlett Learning, trials in Italy, LLC tapped NOT FOR SALE theirOR innocence?DISTRIBUTION Second, forensic evidence, if NOTinto anFOR intense SALE debate OR over DISTRIBUTION Italy’s justice system present, is critical to link a person to a crime. (Donadio & Povoledo, 2011). Did the strength of the evidence in this case Once back in Seattle, Knox continued her justify their conviction? Third, this case involved studies at the University of Washington where the trial of an© JonesAmerican & citizen Bartlett in a Learning,foreign she LLC majored in creative writing. Her© Jones days as &a Bartlett Learning, LLC jurisdiction. HowNOT might FOR differences SALE OR between DISTRIBUTION student did not last long however,NOT as she FOR was SALE OR DISTRIBUTION international justice procedures and Ameri- soon ordered back to the Italian court for the can law procedures have influenced the case? murder of Kercher. The court of appeal had The lack of physical evidence, specifically DNA, overturned the previous acquittal and a new to implicate Knox and Sollecito in the murder trial started in late September of 2013. A piece © Joneswas not & the Bartlett only problem Learning, with this case.LLC Many of evidence was© found Jones on a kitchen& Bartlett knife, whichLearning, LLC NOT complained FOR SALE of incompetent OR DISTRIBUTION police work and was believed toNOT be the FOR murder SALE weapon—one OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284130195_CH01_Burgess.indd 2 11/15/2017 8:26:39 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction 3 that allegedly© Jones contained & Bartlett a minuscule Learning, amount LLCbecause there were no “biological© Jones trac &es Bartlett that Learning, LLC of Knox’sNOT DNA FOR on the SALE handle. OR Once DISTRIBUTION again, the could be attributed to themNOT in the FOR room SALEof the OR DISTRIBUTION court concluded that she was guilty. As a result, murder or on the body of the victim, where in con- she was sentenced to 28.5 years in prison, while trast, numerous traces were found attributable to Sollecito received 25 years. Guede” (Vargas & Natanson, 2011). © Jones & BartlettIn an interesting Learning, turn ofLLC events, Italy’s Sinc©e returningJones &home Bartlett for a second Learning, time, LLC NOT FORSupreme SALE Court OR again DISTRIBUTION overturned the convictions Knox, nowNOT 29, has FOR shared SALE much ofOR her DISTRIBUTIONjourney in in the spring of 2015. In September 2015, the del- her memoir, Waiting to be Heard: A Memoir, which egate Supreme Judge, Court adviser made public has since become a best seller. She is working the reasons for the absolution. First, the evidence as a freelance journalist and has attended did not demonstrate the presence of either Knox a number of Innocence Project events—the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,or Sollecito atLLC the crime scene. Second, they could© Jones same & Bartlettorganization Learning, that helped LLCprove her own NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONnot have “materially participated in the homicide”NOT FOR innocence SALE (Carter OR, 2017).DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC IntroductionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The unsettling reality regarding crime in the world today is that it is wide- spread, often violent in nature, and completely disregards all moral, legal, and geographic boundaries. No home, no community, and no region in North © JonesAmerica & Bartlett can consider Learning, itself “safe” LLC from the risk of criminal victimization.© Jones & WithBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORrecent SALE estimates OR of DISTRIBUTIONthe number of crime victims in the UnitedNOT States FOR reaching SALE as OR DISTRIBUTION high as 22 million, including violent, personal, and property crime, it behooves all of us, both individually and collectively, to support emerging efforts aimed at two distinct but related areas: crime prevention and crime victim assistance. © Jones & Bartlett ToLearning, be sure, averting LLC criminal behavior and© victimization Jones & Bartlett