UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO Oddelek za biologijo Sabina ZORKO Fige v vinorodnih Halozah DIPLOMSKO DELO Mentor: izr. prof. dr. Mitja KALIGARIČ Maribor, 2009 Zorko, S.: Fige v vinorodnih Halozah. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2009. MENTORSTVO IN IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU MENTORSTVO Diplomsko delo je nastalo pod mentorstvom izr. prof. dr. Mitje Kaligariča iz Fakultete za naravoslovje in matematiko Univerze v Mariboru. Delo sem opravljala v laboratoriju za botaniko na oddelku za biologijo na Fakulteti za naravoslovje in matematiko Univerze v Mariboru. IZJAVA Podpisana Sabina Zorko, rojena 20. 10. 1984, študentka Fakultete za naravoslovje in matematiko Univerze v Mariboru, študijskega programa biologija in geografija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Fige v vinorodnih Halozah pri mentorju izr. prof. dr. Mitji Kaligariču avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; besedila in druge oblike zapisov niso uporabljeni brez navedbe avtorjev. _________________________ Maribor, 6. 9. 2009 II Zorko, S.: Fige v vinorodnih Halozah. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2009. ZORKO, S.: Fige v vinorodnih Halozah. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2009. IZVLEČEK Na območju vinorodnih Halozah je bil izveden popis in kartiranje fig. Na podlagi tega sem izdelala karto nahajališč. Vinorodne Haloze so klimatsko prehodno območje, ki daje ugodne pogoje za uspevanje vinske trte in sadnega drevja. Figa ( Ficus carica L.) je drevo toplega sredozemskega območja, ki zaradi svoje prilagodljivosti in odpornosti dobro uspeva tudi v notranjosti Slovenije, v tem primeru v vinorodnih Halozah. Na terenu so bili nabrani tudi vzorci posameznih primerkov fig, iz katerih smo v laboratoriju izvedli izolacijo DNK in jih shranili za kasnejše raziskave na tem področju. Na podlagi primerjave morfoloških značilnosti posameznih primerkov fig z objavljenimi deskriptorji lahko sklepam, da gre na območju vinorodnih Haloz za več različnih sort fig. Deskriptorji: figa ( Ficus carica L.), kartiranje, vinorodne Haloze, morfologija listov in soplodij, izolacija DNK ZORKO, S.: Ficus carica L. in viniferous Haloze. Graduation Thesis, University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, 2009. ABSTRACT In the wine-growing region of Haloze an inventory and mapping of figs were carried out. I have made a map of habitats on the basis of the mentioned execution. Viniferous Haloze is a climatically transitional region which provides favourable conditions for the growth of vine and fruit trees. A fig tree (lat. Ficus carica ), the tree of the warm Mediterranean region, grows well in the interior of Slovenia, in this case in viniferous Haloze, owing to its adaptability and resistance. At a fieldwork, samples of individual fig specimens were collected. In the laboratory we carried out an isolation of DNA of those figs and they were preserved for future researches in this field. In accordance with the comparison of the morphological characteristics of individual fig samples with the published descriptors I can gather that there are several different species of figs in wine-growing region of Haloze. Descriptors: fig tree (lat . Ficus carica ), mapping, viniferous Haloze, morphology of the leaves and co-fruits, isolation of DNA III Zorko, S.: Fige v vinorodnih Halozah. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2009. KAZALO VSEBINE MENTORSTVO IN IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU................................................................................II IZVLEČEK ......................................................................................................................................... III KAZALO SLIK .................................................................................................................................... V KAZALO TABEL ...............................................................................................................................VI KAZALO KART .................................................................................................................................VI 1 UVOD.............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 NAMEN OZ . CILJI IN HIPOTEZE ........................................................................................3 1.2 FIGA ( FICUS CARICA L.).........................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Sistematsko mesto fige .......................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Splošna razširjenost fige in razširjenost fige v Sloveniji ...................................................5 1.2.3 Okoljske razmere za uspevanje fig.....................................................................................5 1.2.3.1 Klimatske razmere.....................................................................................................6 1.2.3.2 Tla .............................................................................................................................7 1.2.4 Biologija fige......................................................................................................................8 1.2.4.1 Drevo in listi..............................................................................................................8 1.2.4.2 Razmnoževanje fige..................................................................................................8 1.2.4.2.1 Socvetje in spol pri figah ......................................................................................9 1.2.4.2.2 Razmnoževanje / Opraševanje............................................................................11 1.2.4.2.3 Obdobje cvetenja ................................................................................................12 1.2.4.2.4 Partenokarpija .....................................................................................................12 1.2.4.3 Soplodje...................................................................................................................13 1.2.5 Sorte.................................................................................................................................14 1.2.5.1 Možnosti pridelave fig v Sloveniji..........................................................................16 1.3 GEOGRAFSKA PREDSTAVITEV OBMOČJA RAZISKOVANJA.................................17 1.3.1 Haloze ..............................................................................................................................17 1.3.2 Omejitev območja raziskovanja: vinorodne Haloze ........................................................18 1.3.3 Sestava tal in reliefne oblike ............................................................................................20 1.3.4 Raba tal............................................................................................................................23 1.3.5 Hidrološke značilnosti in problem preskrbe z vodo.........................................................24 1.3.6 Klimatske razmere ...........................................................................................................25 1.3.6.1 Toplotne razmere.....................................................................................................26 1.3.6.2 Svetlobne razmere...................................................................................................27 1.3.6.3 Padavine in vlažnost zraka......................................................................................27 1.3.6.4 Veter........................................................................................................................30 1.3.7 Vegetacija ........................................................................................................................31 2 MATERIAL IN METODE ........................................................................................................33 2.1 KARTIRANJE.....................................................................................................................34 2.2 MORFOLOŠKE ZNAČILNOSTI – DESKRIPTORJI ZA IDENTIFIKACIJO RAZLIČNIH SORT FIG .........................................................................................................................................35 2.2.1 Deskriptorji drevesa.........................................................................................................35 2.2.2 Deskriptorji lista ..............................................................................................................36 2.2.3 Deskriptorji soplodja .......................................................................................................39 2.3 VZORČENJE ZA IZOLACIJO DNK..................................................................................41 2.4 POSTOPEK IZOLACIJE DNK...........................................................................................42 IV Zorko, S.: Fige v vinorodnih Halozah. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2009. 3 REZULTATI ...............................................................................................................................46