5th Volume State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples Photo: Fabian Amaru Muenala Fabian Photo: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources Acknowledgements The preparation of the State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources has been a collaborative effort. The Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues within the Division for Inclusive Social Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat oversaw the preparation of the publication. The thematic chapters were written by Mattias Åhrén, Cathal Doyle, Jérémie Gilbert, Naomi Lanoi Leleto, and Prabindra Shakya. Special acknowledge- ment also goes to the editor, Terri Lore, as well as the United Nations Graphic Design Unit of the Department of Global Communications. ST/ESA/375 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Inclusive Social Development Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 5TH Volume Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources United Nations New York, 2021 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The views expressed in the present publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso- ever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delim- itations of its frontiers. The designations of country groups in the text and the tables are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of the names of firms and commer- cial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/375 United Nations publication Sales no.: E.21.IV.1 ISBN: 978-92-1-130418-3 eISBN: 978-92-1-005488-1 Print ISSN: 2518-6620 Online ISSN: 2518-6922 Copyright © United Nations, 2021 All rights reserved Contents Abbreviations used in this report ............................................v Foreword ......................................................... vii Overview .......................................................... x Chapter I: Recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources. .1 1. The foundation of the international indigenous rights framework ..............1 2. The principle of indigenous rights to lands, territories and resources ............7 3. International indigenous rights to lands, territories and resources at the national level ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 4. Economic and social aspects of recognizing indigenous rights to lands, territories and resources and the implementation gap . 25 Recommendations ......................................................28 Chapter II: Challenges for indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources. 31 1. Lack of implementation of existing protections ...........................31 2. Natural resource exploitation and conservation. 38 3. Shared challenges across the extractive, hydropower, agribusiness and conservation sectors ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 4. Lack of access to remedy for rights violations ............................62 5. Indigenous human rights defenders and militarization ......................68 6. Conclusions and recommendations. 74 Chapter III: Implementing indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources .... 83 Introduction ...........................................................83 1. Territorial self-governance and autonomy ...............................84 2. Lobbying, negotiations and litigation . 92 3. Mapping, demarcation and titling. 104 4. Participatory management, access and benefit-sharing ....................110 Conclusion and recommendations ......................................... 116 Chapter IV: Indigenous women and rights to lands, territories and resources .............119 1. Overview ........................................................ 119 2. Indigenous women’s rights to lands, territories and resources: legal, policy and intergovernmental frameworks ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 126 iii STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources 3. The role of indigenous women in the promotion and protection of indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources �������������������������������������������������� 136 4. What is the price indigenous women pay for protecting their lands, territories and resources? . 140 5. Conclusion and recommendations: recognition and protection of indigenous women’s rights to lands, territories and resources ������������������������������������������������ 142 Chapter V: Indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ..............................149 1. Overview: indigenous peoples, the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals ����������������������������������������������������������������������������149 2. Indigenous peoples in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ........152 3. Indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources and the Sustainable Development Goals ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155 4. Challenges and opportunities for indigenous peoples in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals . 172 5. Conclusions and recommendations. .174 Boxes and Figures Article 26 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples .....................ix Box 3. 1 Productive partnerships between indigenous peoples and civil society organizations ...................................................94 Figure 4. 1 Elimination of gender discrimination in law (percentage of countries) .......123 Box 4. 1 The Maasai women of Tanzania take the lead in strengthening their land rights: a case from East Africa .................................125 Box 4. 2 Resisting to exist: indigenous women in Brazil fighting for their rights and their lives as they demand compliance with the provisions of national and international instruments .........................................130 Box 4. 3 Indigenous women as protectors of indigenous and community land: a case from Indonesia ............................................137 Box 4. 4 Indigenous women as climate adaptation leaders in Bangladesh ...........139 Box 4. 5 The human cost of defending indigenous land and territorial rights for women in Colombia .............................................. 141 iv STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources Abbreviations used in this report AIPP. .Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact ASEAN. .Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAO. .(Office of the) Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman (of the IFC) CEDAW . Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ECLAC . United Nations Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean FAO . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IFC. .International Finance Corporation IIRSA . Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America ILO. .International Labour Organization IPA. .Indigenous Protected Area (Australia) IPMG . Indigenous Peoples Major Group for Sustainable Development IPCC. .Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN. International Union for Conservation of Nature IWGIA . International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs LAPSSET . Lamu Port South Sudan – Ethiopia Transport in East Africa MDGs. .Millennium Development Goals NCPs . National Contact Points NGO. .non-governmental organization OAS. .Organization of American States OECD. .Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights SDGs . Sustainable Development Goals UNDP. .United Nations Development Programme UNEP. .United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO. .United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN-REDD. United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries VNR. .voluntary national review (of progress achieved in SDG implementation) WWF