South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Agricultural Bulletins Experiment Station 7-1-1959 Parasites of Fishes in South Dakota E. J. Hugghins Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins Recommended Citation Hugghins, E. J., "Parasites of Fishes in South Dakota" (1959). Bulletins. Paper 484. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/484 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BULLETIN 484 JULY 1959 Contents Introductory and Background Information -------------------------------------------�--- 5 D efiniti o ns ________________ ----------------------------------______ ________ ________________ __ ____ _____ _______ __ 5 Classifi ca ti on ____ __ ____ __________________ __________________ ______ ______ __________________________ ______ ______ 7 Key for Identification ----------------------------------------------------------------------------_____ 7 Simplified Key to Major Groups of Fish Parasites__________________________________ 7 Life Cycles in General -------------------------------------------------------------------------------____ 8 Flukes (Trematodes) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Tapeworms ( Cestodes ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 I!' Roundworms (Nematodes) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Spiny-headed Worms ( Acanthocephalans) -------------------------------------------- 17 Leeches (Annelids) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Fish Lice ( Parasitic Copepods) -------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Fish Parasites Found in South Dakota ------------------------------------------------------- 20 Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class Trematoda (flukes) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Order Mono genea -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ___ 27 Order Digenea ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 Family Diplostomidae ( Strigeida) ---------------------------------------------- 28 Family Clinostomidae -------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Family Gorgoderidae ---------------------------------------------------------___________ 34 Family Heterophyidae ________________________------------------------------- ----------- 34 Family Lis sorchii dae ------------------------------------------________________ _ ___________ 35 Class Cestoidea, Subclass Cestoda (tapeworms) ------------------------------ 35 Order C aryoph y llidea ------------------------------------------------________________________ 35 Family Caryophy llaeidae ------------------------------------------------------ ________ 38 Order Pseudophyllidea ------------------------------------------------------------- ________ 38 Family B othriocephalidae ------------------------------------------__________________ 38 Family Amphycoty lidae ---------------------------------------------------------------- 39 Family Dibothriocephalidae ____________ ____________________________________ ________ 39 Order Proteocephala ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ___ 40 Family Proteocephalidae -------------------------------------------------------------- 40 Phylum Aschelminthes Class Nematoda (roundworms) ---------------------------------------------------------- 43 Family As caridae _______________________ --------------------------------- ________________ ___ 44 Family Camallanidae -------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 Family Philometriidae ----------------------------------------------____________________ 44 Phylum Acanthocephala ( spiny-headed worms) ----------------------------------- 46 Family Pomphorhynchidae ---------------------------------------------------------- 46 Family N eoechinor hynchidae ------------------------------------------------------ 47 Family Gorgo rh ynchida e ____ ______ ______ ______ __________________ _ _____ ____ _ ______ _ ___ 4 7 Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) -------------------------------------------------- 47 Class Hirudinea (leeches) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 7 Family Piscicolidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 7 1 Phylum Arthropoda ( jointed-footed animals) -------------------------------------- 48 Class Crustacea, Subclass Copepoda -------------------------------------------------- 48 Order Branchiura Family Argulidae ( fish lice) -------------------------------------------------------- 48 Order Eucopepoda Family Lemaeidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 Family Lernaeopodidae --------------------------------------------------______________ 51 Other Dise ases ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 Lymphocys tis ______________________________________________ -------------------------__________ ___ _ _____ 5 2 Water Mold -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Tumors ________________________ ----------------------------------------------------------_____________ ________ 53 Effectsof Parasites on Fishes -------------------------------------------------------------------,---- 54 Flukes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Tapeworms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Other Parasitic Worms -------------------------------------------------------------------___________ 57 Fish Lice ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 Importance of Fish Parasites to Man ---------------------------------------------------------- 58 Fish Parasites Which Can Develop in Man -------------------------------------------- 58 Importance Commercially and Aesthetically ---------------------------------------- 59 Control of Fish Parasites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61 Aids, Towards Use of Literature on Fish Parasites ------------------------------------ 63 Indexing and Abstracting Services ---------------------------------------------------------- 63 Survey Type Studies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 Reference Boo ks __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Manuals on Technique ------------------------------------------------------------__________________ 64 References Cited -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Index _______ --------------------------------_ ____________ ___ __ ______________________ ___ ______________ ____________ ____ 69 ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Life cycle chart of a strigeid fluke, I-Iysteromorpha triloba ___ ____ 9 Fig. 2 Life cycle chart of a pseuodophyllidean tapeworm, Diphyllo­ bothrium oblongatum ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 Fig. 3 Life cycle chart of Proteocephalus pinguis, a tapeworm of north em pike ____________________________ --------------------------------__ ________ __ ________ 13 Fig. 4 Life cycle chart of the bass tapeworm, Proteocephalusambloplitis 14 Fig. 5 Life cycle chart of a fish "guinea worm," Philometra nodulosa 16 Fig. 6 Life cycle chart of a roundworm, C ontracaecum spiculigerum 17 Fig. 7 Life cycle chart of a spiny-headed worm, Leptorhynchoides the cat us ________________ _ _____ _____ ____ ___ __________ ______ _ _______ _ ______ __________________ __ __ __ 18 Fig. 8 Liver of bluegill packed with "white grubs," Posthodiplosto- mum minimum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 Fig. 9 Enlarged view of "white grub"________________________________________________________ 28 Fig. 10 Life cycle chart of Posthodiplostomum minimum ________________________ 29 Fig. 11 Bullhead heavily infected with metacercariae of I-Iystero- morpha triloba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 2 Fig. 12 Microphotograph of sectioned bullhead muscle containing H. trilo ha ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Fig. 13 Minnow infected with "black grubs"______________________________________________ 31 Fig. 14 Life cycle chart of a "black grub," Uvidifer ambloplitus ____________ 32 Fig. 15 Life cycle chart of "yellow grub," Clinostomurri:marginatum______ 33 Fig. 16 View of C. marginatum to show distinctive intestine_ _________________ 34 Fig. 17 Phyllodistomum staffordi,a flukefrom the urinary bladder of bullheads ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------