A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE STUDY OF THE SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT IN THE ENGLISH DIALECTS. Preface. The present work consists of 1. an introductory disqui- sition upon the form, history and distribution of the Scandi- navian loan-words in the English dialects; 2. a list, (called List A), of Scand. loan-words in the dialects about whose origin there is little doubt, (for Tests of Scand. origin see Introduction §§ 27—31) with remarks on their form, history &c, and their parallels in the Scand. languages; 3. a list (called List B) of words which may be Scand. or English. List A has been made as comprehensive as possible, though I cannot hope that it includes all the Scand. loan-words in the dialects. Many words I have omitted because the accepted etymology seems erroneous or very doubtful; many hitherto accepted Scand. words I have relegated to List B. as not certainly Scand. but probably English. List A contains about 500 words. List B is intended to be merely illustrative; in it parallel forms, distribution &c are but rarely given in full; both the time and space at my command have been insufficient to allow of my making this list at all comprehensive. It contains a little over 200 words. From English works upon this subject I have derived but little assistance. The works which deal directly with the Scand. origin of dialect words are none of them by professed scholars. I have been saved some trouble in making references by Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect; but I have found it necessary to correct a great many of the forms, Brought to you by | University of Queensland - UQ Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/23/15 1:29 AM 46 ABNOLD WALL, especially in the light of Prof. Noreen's invaluable researches in the original forms of the ON. vowels and diphthongs. The value of such works as those of Atkinson, Streatfeild and Ellwood (see Introd. § 3) appears to be much impaired by the undue influence of the glamour of the Viking Age upon the minds of the authors, which has led them to refer to Scand. originals many genuine English words. I have at- tempted to clear my mind of any such bias, and the result is that I have found myself obliged to reject a large number of words which I had considered Scand. and worked at ac- cordingly. The two German works to which I am most deeply in- debted are Prof. Kluge's 'History of the English Language' in Paul's 'Grundriss', and Brate's Article on the Scand. loan- words in the Orrmulum in Paul and Bräune's Beiträge. Prof. Kluge's section on the Scand. influence upon English has been especially useful to me. The want of an Old English Dic- tionary giving all parallel forms in the Scand. and Low Ger. languages, and of a thoroughly comprehensive and reliable ME. Dictionary, giving all such parallels, is much felt in work of this kind. I have found Bradley's Stratmann's ME. Dictionary of very great help in this respect. Steenstrup's researches upon the Danish loan-words in OE. have also been found extremely useful. I have not been able to treat the Scotch dialects in the present work; Scotch forms are often referred to for the pur- pose of illustration, especially in the case of Northumber- land words. This work is entitled 'a contribution to the study of the subject'. Much remains to be done before the problem can be fairly treated; the English Dialect Dictionary, when com- plete, will make the study of the subject, especially of the question of distribution, much easier. A very thorough exa- mination of all the possible Scand. loan-words in ME. (on the lines of Brate's article referred to above) would also supply a much needed aid to the fuller consideration of the questions of form and history. As regards distribution, the present work does not profess to be a complete guide. Words which are common in the North of England are described as N. E., those common in the Brought to you by | University of Queensland - UQ Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/23/15 1:29 AM SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT IN THE ENGLISH DIALECTS. 47 North and East as N. and E., those in the East alone as E. Ang.; specific reference as to Sources is given in the case of uncommon words and striking forms. All occurrences of Scand. words (as far as I can ascertain them) in the Southern and Western counties are indicated. (See Introd. §§ 73—89.) When a word is referred to a particular Glossary, it is not implied that the word occurs nowhere else; I have no doubt but that many (if not most) of the words here referred to as 'Yorks.' occur also in the adjacent counties. The references, then, are to be taken, not as guides to the complete distri- bution of the word, but as giving at any rate one reliable source where the word may be found. The pronunciation of the dialect words cited in the course of the work is indicated in square brackets on the same system as that employed in the English Dialect Dictionary. The system is simple, but quite sufficient for the purposes of this work. Only the following symbols need explanation: Consonants. d$ like the j in just 0 like the th in then / „ „ sh „ ship η „ „n „ think, p „ „ th „ thin Vowels. á like the a in Ger. Mann. like the á in father, ê „ „ a „ S. English 6á«. δ „ „ e „ Ger. Eeh. «η é« U » UP' * n n ee n fa*' e „ „ e „ men. „ „ o „ Ger. Bote. i „ „ t „ bit. 0 „ „ aw „ law. o „ „ o „ mob. „ „ oo „ food, u „ „ u „ f ll 9 „ „ i „ bird. 9 „ „ e „ Ger. Gabe. Diphthongs. ai like the i in five. oi like the oy in boy. au „ „ ou „ mouse. ou „ „ ow „ low (with the first ei „ „ a „ late. element more open). e9 „ „ a „ care. U9 „ „ ooa in gooal (Yorks. In iu „ „ ew „ few. E. D. D. this is 09). w „ „ ea „ fear. As in E. D. D., no attempt is made to distinguish between close and open e; the stress is always on the first element of diphthongs unless the contrary is stated; vocalic m, n are written 9m, 9n; a point after a vowel indicates that the vowel bears the chief stress in the word. Brought to you by | University of Queensland - UQ Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/23/15 1:29 AM 48 ABNOLD WALL, In conclusion I have to express my heartiest thanks to Professor Skeat, of Cambridge University, under whose super- vision the work has been carried out, for much kindly advice and correction; to Mr. Eirikr Magnusson, of Cambridge Uni- versity, for many valuable suggestions, and especially for illustrations from the folk-speech of Eastern Iceland, which are not to be found in any Dictionary; and to Professor Kluge of Freiburg University, for kindly reading through the work and giving me many invaluable hints, suggestions and cor- rections. Abbreviations of Counties, Districts &c. with Glossaries referred to. Ber. Berkshire. Lowsley's Glossary. E. D. S. 1888. Chs. Cheshire. Holland's Glossary. E. D. S. 1884—6. Cor. Cornwall. Courtney and Couch's Glossary. E.D. S. 1880. Cum. Cumberland. Ell wood's Glossary. E. D.S. 1896. Der. Derbyshire. Pegge's Derbicisms. E.D. S.I 894. Dev. Devonshire. Hartland Glossary. E.D.S. 1891. E. Ang. East Anglia. Eye's Glossary. E. D. S. 1895. Gen. General — of general occurrence in the dialects. Glo. Gloucestershire. Gloucestershire Glossary. E. D. S. 1890. Han. Hampshire. Cope's Glossary. E.D.S. 1883. Ken. Kent. Parish and Shaw's Glossary. E.D.S. 1887. Lan. Lancashire. Nodal and Milner's Glossary. E.D.S. 1875—82. Lin. Lincolnshire. Chiefly Peacock's Mauley and Corringham Glossary. E. D. S. 1889. Cole's S. W. Lines. Glossary. E. D. S. 1886. N. Cy. North Country. Refers only to Ray's List of North Country Words, 1691. E.D.S. 1874. N. E. North of England. N. and E. North and East of England. Nhb. Northumberland. Heslop's Northumberland Glossary. E.D.S. 1892—4. O, and S. Orkney and Shetland. J. Edmondson's Glossary 1866. S.andE. Cy. South and East Country. Ray's List. 1691. E.D.S. 1874. Sc. Scotland, Scotch. Jamieson's Dictionary. Som. Somerset. Elworthy's W. Somerset Word-book. E.D.S. 1886. Sur. Surrey. Leveson-Gower's Glossary. E.D. S.I 893. Sus. Sussex. Parish's Sussex's Dictionary. E.D.S. 1875. Thoresby to Ray. Thoresby's Letter to Ray with List of Yorkshire Words, 1703. E.D.S. 1874. W. West of England. War. Warwickshire. Northall's Glossary. B.W. S.I 896. Mrs. Francis' Glossary. E.D.S. 1876. Wh. GL Robinson's Glossary of Whitby. E.D.S. 1876. Wil. Wiltshire. Dartnell and Goddard's Glossary. E.D.S. 1893. Brought to you by | University of Queensland - UQ Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/23/15 1:29 AM SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT IN THE ENGLISH DIALECTS. 49 Wor. Worcestershire. Mrs. Chamberlain's Glossary. E.D.S. 1882. Jesse Salisbury's Glossary. E.D. S. 1894. Yorks. Yorkshire. Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect. 1868. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. E. D. S. 1876. Harland's Swaledale Glossary. E. D. S. 1873. Clough Robinson's Mid-Yorks. Glossary. E.D.S. 1876. Abbreviations of Languages, Dictionaries, Grammars Glossaries, Articles &c. Altnord. Gram. = A. Noreen's Altisländische and Altnorwegische Gramma- tik. Halle. 1892. Brem. Wort. = Bremen Wörterbuch.