SCRREEN Coordination and Support Action (CSA) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date : 2016-11-01 Duration : 38 Months www.scrreen.eu Technological gaps hindering uptake of CRMs substitution in industrial application Authors : Dr. Rocio BARROS (ICCRAM), Yongxiang Yang (TuDelf), Etienne Bouyer (CEA), Marjaana Karhu, Elina Yli-Rantala, Elina Huttunen Saarivirta (VTT), Michael Samouhos (NTUA), Lena Sundwvist, Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS) SCRREEN - D6.3 - Issued on 2019-11-25 14:45:41 by ICCRAM SCRREEN - D6.3 - Issued on 2019-11-25 14:45:41 by ICCRAM SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227 Project officer: Jonas Hedberg Document title Technological gaps hindering uptake of CRMs substitution in industrial application Dr. Rocio BARROS, Yongxiang Yang (TuDelf), Etienne Bouyer (CEA), Marjaana Karhu, Elina Author(s) Yli-Rantala, Elina Huttunen Saarivirta (VTT), Michael Samouhos (NTUA), Lena Sundwvist, Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS) Number of pages 205 Document type Deliverable Work Package WP6 Document number D6.3 Issued by ICCRAM Date of completion 2019-11-25 14:45:41 Dissemination level Public Summary Technological gaps hindering uptake of CRMs substitution in industrial application Approval Date By 2019-11-29 14:54:36 Mrs. Maria TAXIARCHOU (LabMet, NTUA) 2019-12-02 07:30:59 Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA) SCRREEN - D6.3 - Issued on 2019-11-25 14:45:41 by ICCRAM SCRREEN Coordination and Support Actions (Coordinating) (CSA-CA) Co-funded by the European Commission under the EURATOM Research and Training Programme on Nuclear Energy within the Seventh Framework Programme Grant Agreement Number: 730227 Start date: 2016-11-01 Duration: 38 Months TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS/BARRIERS ON SUBSTITUTION AUTHOR(S) AND CONTRIBUTORS: • ICCRAM: Rocío Barros García, Sergio Veleda Martínez, Sonia Martel Martin, Alfredo Bol Arreba, Jose Miguel García Pérez, Pablo Nieves • TU Delft: Yongxiang Yang • CEA: Etienne Bouyer • VTT: Marjaana Karhu, Elina Yli-Rantala, Elina Huttunen Saarivirta • NTUA: Michael Samouhos • MEFOS: Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, Xianfeng Hu CONTENT TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS/BARRIERS ON SUBSTITUTES .................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 12 ANTIMONY .......................................................................................................................... 13 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 14 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 15 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 19 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 23 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 23 BERYLIUM ........................................................................................................................... 25 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 25 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 28 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 29 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 30 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 30 BORATES ............................................................................................................................. 31 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 31 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 33 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 34 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 34 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 34 COBALT ................................................................................................................................ 35 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 36 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 37 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 40 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 42 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 42 HAFNIUM ............................................................................................................................ 43 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 43 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 45 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D6.3| Technological gaps-barriers on substitution 2 Contributors : TU Delft, CEA, ICCRAM, VTT, NTUA, MEFOS 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 47 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 49 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 49 BISMUTH ............................................................................................................................. 50 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 51 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 52 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 55 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 57 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 57 GALLIUM ............................................................................................................................. 58 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 58 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 59 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 62 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 64 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 64 GERMANIUM ...................................................................................................................... 65 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 66 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 67 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 69 4. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 71 5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 71 INDIUM ................................................................................................................................ 72 1. DESCRIPTION AND INDICATOR ............................................................................... 73 2. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 73 3. TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS