INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms international A Ben & Howell information Company 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 40106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 INSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN SENEGAL, MALI AND GHANA: THE INTERPLAY OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY DIFFUSION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Cheikh Tidiane Gadio, Licence, Maltrise, D.E.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee Approved by R. Samarajiva J. Foley Advisor -------= -—L A. Irele Department of Communicadqn UMI Number: 9526026 UMI Microform 9526026 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 To the loving memory of Raguieta Sarata Ly, my mother who left me inconsolably, exactly 10 years ago. I still hear clear and loud the unique musicality of your beautiful laughter which you said was especially designed for me, and for me only. My love relationship with you is more intense today than ever as my heart still bleeds and mourns your physical absence. I love you. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It all started with Helen Picard, a US cultural attachd in Dakar, who decided that I was worth the investment and that communication studies deserved to be given some priority in the light of Senegal and Africa's training needs. To her and to her competent collaborators, Jerome and El Hadj, I gratefully dedicate this work. Then come three Senegalese scholars, Babacar Sine, former director of CESTI (Dakar Institute of Journalism), Birahim Gueye, current director of CESTI, and Dr. Habib Sy (IDRC). All three have morally and intellectually supported my doctoral studies and I express to them my deep affection and friendship. Dr. Samarajiva, a mentor, an advisor, but also a friend, Dr Foley, an example of a quiet leadership, Mrs. Cres Rica (Office of International Education), a beautiful woman, with so much love to give away, Dr. Abiola Irele, a gentleman and a caring intellectual, Dr. Isaac Mowoe, a role model, have kept my head above the water, hunting my doubts and challenging me in times of trouble. I know you know that I know that this is your achievement too. Last, but not least, special thanks to: - my family: father, Ousmane Aliou, who taught me pride and self-esteem, father in law and friend, Mor Mar, wife (Coumba), children (Bouba, Khadi and Khoudia) whose patience and loving support-system helped so greatly - my large network of departmental, school, and social friends at OSU and in Columbus, especially T. Schumacher, H. Duncan, S. Green, Liz, Betty, S. Fassbinder, Dr. Ike, Dr Lather, and Dr. Dervin, and finally, my deep gratitude goes to two institutions: -The US Fulbright Program which sponsored my doctoral studies, -The Canadian International Development Research Center which provided financial assistance, material resources, and human support for a three month field trip in Ghana, Mali and Senegal. Not only did the field research make this dissertation possible, but it allowed me to meet and appreciate the human qualities and competent expertise of Thiemoko Maiga of SOTELMA (Mali), Pape Gorgui Tourd of SONATEL (Senegal), and Hermann Wemet of DETECON and GPT (Ghana). VITA September 16, 1956 ........................................... Bom - Saint-Louis, Senegal West Africa 198 1........................................................................ Licence Sociology, University of Paris 8-Vincennes 198 2........................................................................ Diploma of Professional Training in Journalism, Centre de Formation des Joumalistes de Paris 198 3........................................................................ Maitrise Sociology of Information and Communications, University of Paris 7-Jussieu 198 4........................................................................ D.E. A Diploma of Advanced Studies in Sociology of Mass- Communications, University of Paris-Sorbonne IV-Rene Descartes PUBLICATIONS "Telecommunications and Development in West Africa: Theoretical Issues and Practical Problems." Report to the IDRC, West Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal - West Africa (July 1993). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Communication Studies in Institutional Reform of Telecommunications, Policy Diffusion Process, and Political Economy of Communication and Third World Development iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................iii VITA...................................................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................... ix CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1 Presentation of the Study ..........................................................................1 Rationale of the Study................................................................................4 Research Questions and Proposed Chapters............................................. 9 Proposed Chapters............................................................................... 11 II. CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY......................................14 Introduction ..........................................................................................14 Structural Adjustment and the General reform of African Economies... 14 Structural Adjustment and the Reform of Public Enterprises............. 47 The Need to Reform the PE System........................................................55 The Issue of Privatization and the Reform Process................................64 Definition of Privatization.............................................................. 67 Why Privatization ?........................................................................... 70 Foreign Investors in the Privatization Debate................................. 74 III. THE TELECOMMUNICATION REFORM LITERATURE ....................... 77 International Experience in Telecommunications Reforms................79 The World Bank and the Reform of Telecommunications...............110 The World Bank's Analysis ..........................................................110 Contribution to the Reform Literature by Robert B. Horwitz and Raymond Akwule ............................................................. 116 The Contribution of Robert B. Horwitz ..................................116 The Contribution of Raymond Akwule ................................... 122 Conclusion ..........................................................................................126 v IV. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................129 Analytical Framework: Theories of International Policy Diffusion and Coordination .................................................................130 "Epistemic Communities" According to Ernst H aas................................ 132 "Epistemic Communities" According to Peter H aas................................ 137 G. John Ikenberry's Contribution to International Policy Diffusion and to the "Epistemic Community" Theory ...................... 149 Research Design: Field Research and Data Collection.......................164 Comparative Analysis and Case Studies M ethods...................................169 Case-study Methods.............................................................................170 Comparative Analysis M ethods.................................................................173 V. INSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN SENEGAL ..................................................................................................... 177 Senegal: A Country Profile .....................................................................