This page intentionally left blank Intracerebral Hemorrhage Intracerebral Hemorrhage Edited by J. R. Carhuapoma Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA S. A. Mayer Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA D. F. Hanley Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521873314 © J. R. Carhuapoma, S. A. Mayer, and D. F. Hanley 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-69131-7 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87331-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this publication. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer if any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. To my son Ethan and my family for their unconditional support JRC To Catherine, Philip and Elizabeth SAM To my wife and family who have supported my career DFH v Contents List of contributors ix Foreword by Thomas Brott xii Section 1 – Epidemiology Section 4 – Diagnostic investigations 1. The epidemiology of intracerebral 9. Computerized tomography and hemorrhage 1 CT angiography in intracerebral Matthew L. Flaherty, Daniel Woo, and Joseph hemorrhage 121 P. Broderick Rush H. Chewning and Kieran P. Murphy 10. MRI of intracerebral hemorrhage 125 Section 2 – Etiology of non-traumatic Ken Butcher and Stephen M. Davis intracerebral hemorrhage 11. Cerebral angiography 139 2. Acute hypertensive response in intracerebral Rush H. Chewning and Kieran P. Murphy hemorrhage 17 12. Laboratory and other ancillary Ameer E. Hassan, Haralabos Zacharatos, testing in intracerebral and Adnan I. Qureshi hemorrhage: an algorithmic 3. Etiology of tumor-related intracranial approach 149 hemorrhage 31 Michael Chen and Louis R. Caplan Andreas F. Hottinger and Lisa M. DeAngelis 4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy 41 – Steven M. Greenberg Section 5 Management and critical care 5. Coagulopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage 58 13. Medical management of Hagen B. Huttner and Thorsten Steiner intracerebral hemorrhage 159 Neeraj S. Naval, Paul A. Nyquist, 6. Vascular malformations of the brain 71 and J. Ricardo Carhuapoma Christian Stapf and J. P. Mohr 7. Cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral 14. Surgical management of hemorrhage 84 intracerebral hemorrhage 165 Isabelle Crassard and Marie-Germaine Bousser A. David Mendelow 15. Future therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular Section 3 – Clinical presentation hemorrhage: aspiration and 8. Clinical presentation of intracerebral thrombolysis 176 hemorrhage 101 Paul A. Nyquist, Neeraj S. Naval, Carlos S. Kase and J. Ricardo Carhuapoma vii Contents Section 6 – Prognosis and outcome 19. Cytoprotection strategies for experimental intracerebral hemorrhage 217 16. Mathematical models of intracerebral Crystal MacLellan, James Peeling, and Frederick hemorrhage and intraventricular Colbourne hemorrhage outcomes prediction: their comparison, advantages, and limitations 187 Section 8 – Advances in pathogenesis Stanley Tuhrim and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: clinical Section 7 – Advances in 20. Natural history of perihematomal brain pathogenesis and treatment edema 229 of intracerebral hemorrhage: Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez, Antoni Dávalos, and experimental José Castillo 21. Hemostatic therapy for intracerebral 17. Animal models and experimental hemorrhage 238 treatments of intracerebral Wendy C. Ziai and Stephan A. Mayer hemorrhage 193 Kenneth R. Wagner and Mario Zuccarello 18. Thrombin and secondary brain damage following intracerebral hemorrhage 206 Index 254 Guohua Xi, Richard F. Keep, and Julian T. Hoff Color plate section between pp. 158 and 159. viii Contributors Marie-Germaine Bousser MD Frederick Colbourne PhD Department of Neurology, Department of Psychology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Joseph P. Broderick MD Department of Neurology, Isabelle Crassard MD University of Cincinnati, Department of Neurology, Cincinnati, OH, USA Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France Ken Butcher MD PhD FRCPC Antoni Dávalos MD PhD Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University of Alberta, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Barcelona, Spain Louis R. Caplan MD Stephen M. Davis MD FRACP Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Lisa M. DeAngelis MD J. Ricardo Carhuapoma MD FAHA Department of Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Matthew L. Flaherty MD Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA José Castillo MD PhD Department of Neurology, Steven M. Greenberg MD PhD Hospital Clínico Universitario, Neurology Stroke Service, University of Santiago de Compostela, Massachusetts General Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Boston, MA, USA Michael Chen MD Daniel F. Hanley MD Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, and Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Division of Brain Injury Outcomes Research, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Rush H. Chewning BA Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Ameer E. Hassan DO ix Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, List of contributors University of Minnesota Medical Center, Neeraj S. Naval MD Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anesthesia Critical Care Medicine, Julian T. Hoff MD Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Formerly Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health Sciences University School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Oregon, USA Ann Arbor, MI, USA Paul A. Nyquist MD Andreas F. Hottinger Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, and Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, New York, NY, USA Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA Hagen B. Huttner MD Department of Neurology, James Peeling PhD University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Department of Chemistry, Germany University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Carlos S. Kase MD Department of Neurology, Adnan I. Qureshi MD Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Richard F. Keep PhD Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Manuel Rodriguez-Yáñez MD Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Crystal MacLellan PhD University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Psychology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Christian Stapf MD Stephan A. Mayer MD Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France Columbia University Medical Center, Thorsten Steiner MD New York, NY, USA Department of Neurology, A. David Mendelow PhD FRCSEd University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Stanley Tuhrim MD Newcastle General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Mt Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA J. P. Mohr MD PhD Kenneth R. Wagner PhD Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, New York, NY, USA OH, USA Kieran P. Murphy MD Daniel Woo MD Department of Radiology, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, x Baltimore, MD, USA OH, USA List of contributors Guohua Xi MD Wendy C. Ziai MD Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Baltimore, MD, USA Haralabos Zacharatos DO Mario Zuccarello MD Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, University of Cincinnati,