FREEA BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR: THE ENGLISH IN FRANCE, 1337-1453 EBOOK Desmond Seward | 304 pages | 27 Mar 2003 | Little, Brown Book Group | 9781841196787 | English | London, United Kingdom The Hundred Years' War ( – ) - Open History Guyenne, [also known as Guyenne-et-Gascogne] from the earliest Roman days, had been part of what is now known as the region of Aquitaine. The English were not only irritated by French interests in Guyenne, but also by French support of the Scots against England and by French attempts to control Flanders and its wool trade with England. Provocation was not a one way street. InValois France was the most powerful kingdom in Europe both in terms of monetary means and in soldiers. However, Valois France itself A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France still a collection of virtually independent provinces. These wars were interrupted, now-and-again, by numerous truces and treaties over a period of years. The wars had become the consuming interests of a series of five English and five French monarchs which had drained the treasuries of both countries. Ina French assembly was called to settle the dispute over which claimant should become the French king. 1337-1453, when Philippe then moved to A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France Guyenne, Edward renewed his 1337-1453 to the throne and unsuccessfully attempted to move an army into Flanders. However, running out of money, Edward was forced to seek a truce and return to England. There, Edward defeated the army that Philippe VI had sent to block his retreat to the northeast. Edward then laid siege to the port of Calais during September, The city surrendered in October of the same year and he deported most of its French occupants, colonizing the town with Englishmen so he could have a base for further invasions of France. Again, running out of money, he made a new truce in September, InEdward broke the truce by leading large scale, but unsuccessful raids, against the French from Calais. However, he was more successful in Scotland where, in he received a formal surrender of the Kingdom of Scotland. Under these terms, Jean II was compelled to surrender so much territory that he repudiated the agreement. Edward then landed at Calais on October 28 and besieged Reims. The citizens of Reims successfully resisted the siege. Frustrated, Edward marched into Burgundy and ultimately towards Paris. These unsuccessful campaigns lead to preliminary peace talks in Brittany on May 8, The terms, of the truce, were finalized by the Treaty of Calais. The treaty was ratified by both the French and English in October, Under its terms, Edward renounced his claim to the French throne and France ceded the whole of Aquitaine to England. With the death of Jean II, in English captivity, his son, Charles 1337-1453 refused to recognize the treaty and renewed A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France conflict. A new treaty was entered into in This Treaty of Bretigny resulted in a brief period of peace. The Black Prince died inleaving his 10 year old son as the heir to the English throne with all the power in the Regent, John of Gaunt. The son, Richard II, succeeded as king in Hostilities renewed again in when the French took the initiative. The death of Charles V, that same year, arrested French progress in recovering the lost territory. This incited the citizenry against him and in he was forced to abdicate. Meanwhile, in France, Charles VI suffered bouts of insanity. One of his uncles, Philippe the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died in InHenry V decided to take advantage of the French situation and to assert the English claims on the French throne. In northern France, inan English army of troops overwhelmed a vastly superior French army of some 20 to 30 thousand at the battle of Agincourt by cunning use of English longbow archers supported by cavalry. The English longbow was a technological leap forward in warfare. The bow, measuring 6 feet, was 1337-1453 of Welsh origin. It shot yard long arrows some yards, which proved to be an indefensible force when correctly used. With their longbows, the English went on to conquer Normandy in Consequently, he failed to preserve the English gains in France. This failure ultimately lead to his overthrow in She was subsequently taken prisoner by the Burgundians who sold her to the English. They, in turn, tried and executed her for heresy. InPhilippe the Good switched his allegiance, having became convinced that the English could never impose their will on the conquered areas of France. In the war flared up again when the English intervened against the duke of Brittany who had done A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France to Charles VII. The next year, inthe people of Kent rebelled against Henry VI due to the corruptness of his ministers and his incompetent handling of the war. The French mounted a vigorous campaign that quickly resulted in the reconquest of Normandy and, inof most of Guyenne. Bythe English had lost all of their holdings in France with the exception of Calais. This event, coupled with English discontentment and the insanity of Henry, lead to 1337-1453 so-called English War of the Roses [the symbol of both sides being a rose — 1337-1453 House of York using the white rose and the House of Lancaster using a red one]. Inthe French took Calais. His greatest rival was now Charles the BoldDuke of Burgundy. InCharles died while trying to conquer the city of Nancy. Louis then seized most of his vast lands. Roman Empire. Charlemagne's Empire. France French Empire. Outline of Fr. Eleanor of Aquitaine. Hundred Years' War. Edict of Nantes. Joan of Arc. All rights reserved. The Hundred Years War: The English in France - Desmond Seward - Google книги The struggle involved several generations of English and French claimants to the crown and actually occupied a period of more than years. This confiscation, however, had been preceded by periodic fighting over the question of English fiefs in France going back to the 12th century. They came into conflict over a series of issues, including disputes over English territorial possessions in France and the legitimate succession to the French 1337-1453. Edward was to withdraw from France and receive compensation. No peace treaty was ever signed. In the first half of the 14th century, France was the richest, largest, and most populous kingdom of western Europe. It had, moreover, derived immense A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France from the fame and exploits of its monarchs, especially Louis IXand it had grown powerful through the loyal service given by its administrators and officials. England was the best organized and most closely integrated western European state and the most likely 1337-1453 rival France, because the Holy Roman Empire was paralyzed by deep divisions. In these circumstances, serious conflict between the two countries was perhaps inevitable, but its extreme bitterness and long duration were more surprising. The length of the conflict can be explained, however, by the fact that a basic struggle for supremacy was exacerbated by complicated problems, such as that of English territorial possessions in France and disputed succession to the French throne; it was also prolonged by bitter litigation, commercial rivalry, and greed for plunder. The complicated political relationship existing between France and England in the first half of the 14th century ultimately derived from the position of William the Conquerorthe first sovereign ruler of England who also held fiefs on the continent of Europe as a vassal of the French king. The natural alarm caused to the Capetian kings by their overmighty vassals, the dukes of Normandy, who were also kings of England, was greatly increased in the s. A long conflict inevitably ensued, in which the French kings steadily reduced and weakened the Angevin empire. In return, Louis pledged himself to hand over to the English in due course certain territory which protected the border of Guyenne: lower SaintongeAgenaisand some lands in Quercy. This treaty stood a fair chance of being respected by two rulers such as Henry and Louis, who admired each other and were closely related they had married sistersbut it posed many problems for the future. When Alphonse died A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France issue inthe new king of France, Philip IIItried to evade the agreement, and the question was not settled until Edward I of England received the lands in Agenais by the Treaty of Amiens and those in Saintonge by the Treaty of Paris Edward surrendered his treaty rights to the Quercy lands. The result was that French royal seneschals and their subordinates encouraged malcontents in the duchy to appeal against their duke to the French king and to the Parlement of Paris. Such appeals strained relations between the French and English courts on more than one occasion, and the homage which had to be done again wherever a new ruler ascended either A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France was given only grudgingly. The first serious crisis after the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris came inwhen ships from England and Bayonne were engaged in a series of skirmishes with a Norman fleet. Byas a result of the successful campaigns there of his brother Charles, count of Valoisand his cousin Robert II of Artois, Philip had become the effective master of almost the whole duchy.