Index Note: Page numbers in italic refer to fi gures; those in bold to tables. abandonment, 111, 142, 158, 159, 161, average recurrence interval (ARI), 60 point, 133, 143, 148, 151, 152, 165 162, 210, 218 Avon River, NSW, 64 scroll, 143, 165 of channels, 76, 161, 163, 172, 189, 220 avulsion, 74, 161, 163, 186–187, 208 transverse, 141 abrasion, 33, 95, 115 unit, 151 abstraction, water, 272, 275 b-axis, 81 basefl ow, 48, 56 accommodation space, 34 backswamps, 14, 105, 112, 155, 170, 171, analysis, 58–59 accretion 188, 200, 221 basins abandoned channel, 158 formation of, 111, 170, 218 endorheic, 31, 255 counterpoint, 159, 159 backwater pool, 136 exorheic, 31 lateral, 156–157, 157, 258 badlands, 36, 38 zero-order, 51 oblique, 157 Bagnold criterion, 88 bedform, 115 vertical, 157–158, 158, 258 Bagnold equation, 91 confi gurations, 97, 100 accumulation zones, 108 banks deposition, 104 adjustment erosion of, 117–124 generation, 95–98 lateral, 186 processes, 117–124, 118 and bedload movement, 98–101 natural capacity for, 21, 223–224, 288 exposures, 112 bedload, 81–84 and river evolution, 255–261 forming, and bed degradation, 121 deposits, 156 pathways of, 225–227, 228 height of, factor of safety (FSh), 120 movement, 95–98 components, 226 mass failure of, 118 and bedform generation, 98–101 afforestation, 270, 273–274, 291, 296 morphology of, 120–123, 122 sheets, 98 Africa, rift valley, 240 processes, 117–124 transport, 29, 97 aggradation, 31, 38, 53, 117, 117, 208, protection of, 279 bedrock, 179 210 retreat cycle, 119 erodibility, 38 alluvium, 33, 33, 54 shear, factor of safety (FSτ), 120 steps, 31, 38, 136 removal of, 161 stability of, 120 beds see also ridges, alluvial strength of, 74, 197 degradation of, and bank forming Amazon Basin, 310, 313 Barnard River, NSW, 64 processes, 121 analogy, reasoning by, 265 barriers, 299, 303, 304, 307–308, 308 material, 33 analysis, basin-wide, 112 bars, 98, 133, 141, 149 downstream gradation in, 96 Andes, 240 bank-attached, 153 properties of, 202 annual exceedence probability, 60 COPYRIGHTEDbedrock core, 142, 143 MATERIALsize of, 201 antidunes, 97–98, 115 channel junction, 148 processes, 117–124 aquifers, 49 compound, 151, 152 and channel shape, 117 areas, variable source, 50–51 diagonal, 141 Bega catchment, NSW, 41, 42, 292, 300, armouring, 86, 92–93, 94, 103, 278, 287, expansion of, 141 312–315 305 forced, 143, 149, 152 Bega River, NSW, 99 associations, process–form, 231, 257, 265, lateral, 142, 148 behaviour, and change, 21–22, 21 293, 305 linguoid, 141 Bellinger catchment, NSW, 41–42, 42 auger holes, 112–113 longitudinal, 141, 151 benches, 123, 126, 143, 148 Australia, 314 mid-channel, 151–152 concave bank, 143, 148, 165 Geomorphic Analysis of River Systems: An Approach to Reading the Landscape, First Edition. Kirstie A. Fryirs and Gary J. Brierley. © 2013 Kirstie A. Fryirs and Gary J. Brierley. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 336 Index bend rotation, 184 relief of (H), 36 initiation of, 51–52 berms, 149 response gradients of, 26 irregular, 127, 127 boulder, 148, 187 runoff from, 50–51 laterally stable, 184 bifurcation ratio (Rb), 40 shape of, 34–35, 34, 43, 56 migration billabongs, 14, 158, 161, 188, 200–201 synthesising controls in, 305–309 lateral, 159, 161, 160, 208 biophysical processes, linkages of, 320 topography of, 57 rates of, 123 biostabilisation, 87 cavitation, 85, 136 zones, 321 bioturbation, 105, 170 celerity, 23, 72 morphology of, and hydraulic blankets, 303, 304, 307–308, 308 chain-of-ponds see ponds, chain of geometry, 127–131 blockages, 17, 39, 95, 303, 305, 307–308, change number of, 183–184, 184 318–319 and behaviour, 21–23, 21 planform, 179, 184–186, 201–202, boosters, 307 irreversible, 292 204 boundary conditions levels of, 237 measurement, 183, 196–197, 198 altered, 246–255, 266 reversible, 292 relationships, 111 fl ux, 7, 12–14, 13, 27, 223–224, 257 Channel Country, Australia, 192, 242, resistance, 67 predicting river responses to, 245 resisting forces in, 70–72 229–230, 238 Channel Scablands, Washington State, roughness of, 70, 70, 294 imposed, 7, 12–14, 13, 27, 37, 43, 206, 251 sand-bed, 97 222, 238, 302 channelisation, 277, 279 sediment entrainment in, 86–87 boundary resistance, 67 geomorphic effects of, 279, 280, 289 sediment transport in, 87–94 Brahmaputra, India, 310 channels, 248 shape of, 117–127, 125, 127 braided channels see channels, braided abandoned, 74, 158, 161, 162, 173, and bank processes in, 126 braided index (Bi), 184 189, 221 and bed processes, 117, 126 braiding, 184, 185, 196–197, 229 adjustment of infl uences on, 117–124 braidplains, 163, 210, 235, 251 lateral, 208 sinuosity, 183 bridge crossings, 279 vertical, 208 slope of, 31, 54 Bridge River, British Columbia, 245 wholesale, 208 stabilisation of, 279 British Columbia, 219 asymmetrical, 126, 127 supply-limited, 101 Bu Boys equation, 91 avulsion, 74, 161, 163, 208 symmetrical, 126, 127 Budderoo National Park, NSW, 175 base level cut of, 31 transport-limited, 101 buffering capacity, 25 boundary condition classifi cation, vertical adjustment in, 117 buffers, 303, 304, 307–308, 308 124 width of, 54 braided, 158, 159 Chezy coeffi cient, 75 Canadian Shield, 245 capacity-limited, 101 Chezy equation, 71 canals, 128, 197, 233, 271, 289 chute, 151 Chironomidae, 87 Cann River, Victoria, 281, 288 competence-limited, 101 chronology, 111 canopy drip, 46 compound, 126, 127 chutes, 98 capacity, 90 contraction of, 187, 208 channels, 151 cascades, 137, 180 coupled, 303 cut-offs, 151, 170 catastrophism, 24, 212 crevasse, 170 and pool trains, 98 catchments, 10, 12, 28, 42, 264 cross-sections of, 54 circularity ratio (Rc), 34 accumulation zone of, 79 decoupled, 303 Clarence River, NSW, 175, 216 area of (A), 34 deposition in, 65–67 clay, 84–85, 108 effective, 308 depth of, 54 climate, 236, 241–244, 266 area–discharge relationships, 59 discontinuous, 189–190, 221–222, change, 244, 275 confi guration infl uence, 41–42 221 river responses to, 250–255 defi nition of, 29 entrenchment of, 274 contemporary, 246 elements of, 30 erosion in, 65–67 imprint of past conditions, 244–246 human impacts on, 293–295 expansion of, 187, 208 regions, 311 hydrology of, 44–64 formation of, 52, 55 variability, 267 knowledge of, 322–323 geometry of, 74, 110, 116–131, 197, coeffi cient of variation (Cv), 62, 64, linkages in, 14–17 198, 201–202, 294 312 morphometrics of, 34–37 grain interactions in, 93–95 colluvium, 52, 300 as nested hierarchies, 9–12 gravel-bed, 130 colonisation, vegetative, 74, 123 position in, 124 impelling forces in, 68–70 Colorado River, USA, 278, 313 process zones in, 29–31, 30, 33, 306 incised, 117 Columbia River, USA, 251 relationships, 202–203 development of, 54 complex response, 24, 26, 28, 206 Index 337 component technique, 75 cut-offs, 161, 162, 170 and river fl ow, 54–56 condensation nuclei, 45 chute, 161, 162 sediment (Qs), 92–93 confi guration, 2–3, 7, 21, 25, 26–27, 79, neck, 161, 162 disconnectivity, 14–17 206, 233 cyclones, 250, 266 discontinuities, 264 bed, 71, 97, 137, 177 discriminant analysis, 195 of catchment, 31, 38–39, 41–42 dams, 249, 250, 271, 277–278, 304 disequilibrium, 20 channel, 71, 76, 210, 220, 259 as barriers, 303 distal fi ning, 157 plan view, 174, 183 geomorphic impacts of, 278, 287 disturbance events, 22–23 spatial, 9–12 ice, 251 press, 22 valley, 179 landslide, 305, 307 pulsed, 22 confi ned rivers, 34, 174, 175, 179–181, transverse clast, 99 ramp, 23 181, 195, 316 Darcy–Weisbach coeffi cient (ff), 75, responses to, 237 bedrock, 32, 77, 215 95 system responses to, 23 geomorphic adjustment in, 257 Darcy–Weisbach equation, 71 diversity, respect for, 321 and sediment transfer, 305 Darcy’s law, 48 drag, 87 sinuosity in, 183 Dart Brook, NSW, 182 fl uid, 85 width/depth ratio in, 125 dating tools, 264 drainage confi ned valleys, 29, 32, 108, 179–181, Davis, William Morris, 17 area, 34 181, 203–204, 233, 264, 315–316 defl ation, 273 basins, 7, 29 bankfull stage in, 55 degradation, 117, 208 see also catchments boulder mounds in, 142 pathway, 290 density (Dd), 36, 57 channel shape in, 127 dells, 190 network evolutionary pathways in, 237 deposition, 7, 84, 113 composition, 29 fl oodplains in, 156, 193, 201, 203 history of, 264 evolution, 36 forced features in, 137 in river systems, 103–104, 108–109 extension, 36, 36 river behaviour in, 214, 216 deposits pattern, 36–37 confi nement see valley confi nement bedload, 165 annular, 37 confl uence density, 38 bottom stratum, 165 contorted, 37 connectivity, 14–17, 319 overbank, 165 dendritic, 36–38 channel–fl oodplain, 170 supraplatform, 151 geologic controls on, 37–41, 37 and dams, 277 suspended-load, 156, 164 multi-basinal, 37 landscape, 7, 27, 302–304 tephra, 249 parallel, 37 spatial and temporal, 17 top stratum, 165 radial, 37 variability in, 16 valley fi ll, 171 rectangular, 37–38 conservation of energy principle, 65 wake, 99 trellis, 37–38 context within-channel, 165 dredging, 279 geologic/tectonic and climatic, 266 depth, 54, 116, 128 drill holes, 112–113 spatial and temporal, 3, 17, 26 description, 7 dunes, 97 continuity equation, 54, 128 desertifi cation, 273 fl attened, 98 controls desiccation, 117 point, 143, 149 antecedent, 24 desnagging, 271, 279 sand, 252 catchment-scale, 29–43 detachment, 85 dynamics, non-linear, 27 Coon Creek, USA, 300 digital elevation models (DEMs), 34 Cooper Creek, Australia, 149, 175, discharge (Q), 33, 33, 54, 64, 116, 197 earthquakes, 250, 306 220 bankfull, 55 ecological resilience, 320 corrasion, 85, 136 conditions, 123 ecosystem engineers, 243 corrosion, 136 dominant formative, 211 eddying, 85 cosmogenic dating, 264 effective,