Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01205-9 — Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World Nathanael J. Andrade Index More Information Index Maccabees, , , , Armenian tiara and Persian dress, Maccabees, , , , , as Roman citizen, Commagene as hearth, Abgar X (c. –), , , compared with Herod I, Abgarid dynasty of Edessa, culture and cult sustained by gods, Abidsautas, Aurelios (Beth Phouraia), , dexiosis, , , Galatians, , Achaemenid Persians, , , , , , , , Greek and Persian divinities, , , , , Greek, Persian, and Armenian ancestry, , Acts of the Apostles, Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem), , , hierothesion at Nemrud Dag,˘ , , Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, , hybridity, , , Akkadian cuneiform, , , , , , , Nemrud DagasDelphi,˘ Alexander III of Macedon (the Great) (– organizes regional community, , , bce), , , , , , , , , , priests in Persian clothing, , , , , , , sacred writing of, Alexander of Aboniteichos (false prophet), , statues of himself, ancesters, and gods, successors patronize poleis, Alexander, Markos Aurelios of Markopolis, trends of his reign, , Anath/Anathenes, , , , , , , Tych¯e, , Antiochus I, Seleucid (– bce), , , Antioch among the Jerusalemites (Jerusalem), Antiochus II, Seleucid (– bce), , , , , , , , , , Antiochus III, Seleucid (– bce), , , Antioch at Daphne, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Antiochus IV of Commagene (– ce), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Antiochus IV, Seleucid (– bce), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , bilingual/multilingual Alexander, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Greek citizens, , , , and Jews of Jerusalem, , , , , , , Greek citizens, construct canal, , Antioch in Persis, confers Greek polis status upon Near Eastern Antioch on the Chrysorhoas (Gerasa), , , ethnics, consolidates network of Greek city-states, Antioch on the Cydnus (Tarsus), municipal coins minted during his reign, Antiochus I of Commagene (c. –c. bce), tries to finish temple of Zeus Olympius, , , , , , , , , , , , , Antiochus, Antiochene Jew, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Antoninus Augustus Pius, Titus Aelius , , , , , , Hadrianus (– ce), , Armenian tiara and Greek diadem, Antonius, Marcus, , , , , , © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01205-9 — Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World Nathanael J. Andrade Index More Information Index Anu-uballit Kephalon, Syrians as, , , , , , , , , , Anu-uballit Nikarchos, , , , , , , , , , Apamea on the Euphrates, , , , , , , , , , , Apamea on the Orontes, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , worshipping Samya, Agrippa, Lucius Julius, , , , , Atargatis, , , , , , , , , , , , Belios Philippos, Aurelios, Athenodorus of Tarsus, , Greek citizens, , Athens, , , , , , , , , , , , Greek citizens, Near Eastern idioms, , , , , , , , , , , Apamea, treaty of, , , , , , Arabia (province), , , , , , , Augustus, Gaius Julius Caesar (Octavianus) ( , , bce– ce), , , , , , , , , Arabian god, , , Arabic (language), , , , Aurelianus Augustus, Lucius Domitius Arabs, , , , , , , (Aurelian) (– ce), , , , , Arabian tribes, defined in work not by self-ascription, but as Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Marcus an ethnicity framed by Greeks and (– ce), , , Romans, Avidius Cassius, Gaius, engage in Greek and “Arab” civic Azzanathkona, , performances, ethnic, , , , , , , , , , Baal-shamin, , , , , , , , , , at Palmyra, ethnic, defined by Greeks and Romans, Babatha of Mahoza, , , Babylon, , , , , , , , , , express Arabness through diverse cultural , idioms, Babylonians, , , , , , , Greek and Arab categories overlap, baetyl, , Greek citizens as, Bar Kochba revolt, integrated into Gerasa’s citizen body, barbarian(s), , , , , , , , , , , integrated into Gerasa’s civic council, , , , , , , , , , provincial category, , , , , , , , , , , , their cultural presence at Palmyra, , , , , , , , , , Aramaic, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Bardaisan, , , , , , , , , , , Bel, , , , , , , , , , , , , , at Palmyra, , , , , Bel Marduk at Babylon, , , Arameans, , , , , , , , , , , Bel/Belos at Apamea, , Ben Sira, Text of, deemed to be Syrians, , , Berossus of Babylon, , Archias of Antioch (poet), Berytus, , , , Ardashir I (Sasanian) (c. – ce), Bilingualism, , , , , , , , , , Aristides, Publius Aelius, , , , , , , , , , , Arsameia on the Euphrates (Gerger), Arsameia on the Nymphaius, , , , at Palmyra, Artabanus III (II) of Parthia (c. – ce), , Borsippa cylinder, boul¯e/civic council, , , , , , , , , Assyrians, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , deemed to be Syrians, , , , , , , , , , , © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01205-9 — Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World Nathanael J. Andrade Index More Information Index Antioch at Daphne, , , , Coele Syria Apamea on the Orontes, , , , , , koinon, , , province, , defining characteristic of Greek civic life, region associated with the Decapolis, Seleucid district, , , , , , Dura-Europos, , , , , , , colonia, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Gerasa, , , , , colonialism, hegemony, civilizing, Palmyra, , , , , , , , , Greek, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , intersecting models for, , , , , , , , , , settler, , state, stimulates social and cultural transformations, colonnade, , , , , , , , bricolage, , , , , , Antioch at Daphne, , Brutus, Marcus Junius, Apamea on the Orontes, , , , , , Byblus, , Gerasa, , , , Caesarea Maritima, , , , , , , Palmyra, , , , , , , , , , , , dispute between Greeks and Jews, Commagene, , , , , , , , , , , SyriansasGreeksin, , , , , , , , , , , , , Caesarea Panias/Philippi, , , , , Callinicus of Petra (sophist), , as part of Syrian ethnos, Canatha, , , , divine personification, , Arabs at, “hybrid” regional community, Avidios Agrippa, integrated into Syrian province, , Ruphenos, “Arab”, koinon, , Syrians at, Constantinople, Thaimos Ioulianos, son of Saados, , , , covert prestige, , , , creolization, , , , , , , , , , , , Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus , , , , , , , , , Augustus (– ce), , , , , , cultural translators/translation, , , , , , , , , , , Cassius Longinus, Gaius, culture, , , , , , , , , , Charax Spasinou, , , , , , Cicero, Marcus Tullius, , , , , , , , (As)Syrian in On the Syrian Goddess, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Antiochus I of Commagene, distrusts Antiochus I, as performed, on Archias and Philodemus, as practice, on Gabinius and Syrians, as produced, on Greekness, as produced and performed, on Greeks of Cilicia, barbarian, on Syrians, civic, , , , , , , , , , on Syrians, Asiatics, and Jews, , , province as theater, classical, , , , , provincials as actors, Commagenian, , , , , , , Cilicia/Cilicians, , , , , , , , , , Commagenian as heterogenous, , , , , , , , , , , , , , debated concept, , , , , , , , , defined, province, , , , , diverse significance, , , civic tribe, , , expresses social identification, Gerasa, fluid, but experienced as fixed, , © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01205-9 — Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World Nathanael J. Andrade Index More Information Index culture (cont.) of Hellenistic Greeks, Greek, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Palmyrene, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Palmyrene, integrates Greek idioms, , , , , , , , , , , , , Palmyrene, intersects with Greekness, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , provincial, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , regionally diverse in Syria, , , , , , , , , , Roman, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Roman, as experienced, , , , , , , , , , Roman, as performed, , , , , , , , , , Roman, discrepant, , , , , , , Roman, dynamic and diverse, Greek and (As)Syrian in On the Syrian Roman, integrates “native” idioms, , Goddess, Roman, intersects with Greek culture, , , Greek, as defined by scholars, , Greek, as experienced, , Roman, reconstituted by poleis, Greek, as Greekness, Roman, shares idioms with Greek culture, Greek, as performed, shaped by civic affiliations, Greek, at Dura-Europos, signification, Greek, discrepant, , sophistic, , , , , , , , Greek, dynamic and diverse, , , , , , , , subjects experience as unified and stable, Greek, expresses Romanness, Syrian, , , , , , , , , , , Greek, expresses Syrianness, , , , Greek, integrates “native” idioms, , Syrian, as Assyrian, , , Greek, intersects with Palmyrene culture, , Syrian, as Assyrian and integrating Greek idioms, Greek, intersects with Roman culture, , , Syrian, as experienced, , Syrian, defined, Greek, intersects with Syrian culture, , Syrian, dynamic and diverse, , , , , , , Greek, not determined by assimilation, Syrian, integrates Greek idioms, , , , , Greek, not static, , Greek, reconstituted by poleis, Syrian, intersects with Greek culture, , Greek, shares idioms with Roman culture, Syrian, intersects with Greekness, , Greek,sharesidiomswithSyrianculture, Syrian, reconstituted by poleis, Greek, symbols of, Syrian, shaped by Roman imperialism, Greek, Syrians indigenize, , , , , Damascus, , , , , , hybrid, but experienced as pure, , Danaboi, , indigenous, reconstituted by poleis, Delphi, , Jewish, Dexippus of Athens, local,