Wetenschappelljke Raad voor het Regerlngsbeleld W53 The Future of Industrial Relations in Europe Conference Documents WJ. Dercksen (ed.) Exemplaren van deze uitgave zljn te bestellen bij het Dlstrlbutlecentrum OverheMspubllkatles, Postbus 20014, 2500 EA 's-Gmvenhage, door wennakfng van f 10,- op glro 751 dan we1 schriftelljk of telefonisch (070-3789880) onder vennelding van titel en ISBN-nummer en het aantal gewenste exemplaren. This Working Document can be ordered at 'Dlstrlbutlecentrum Overheidspublikaties', P.O. Box 20014, 2500 EA The Hague, by paying f 10,- on giro 751 or by letter or telephone (0703789880) in mentioning title and ISBN-number and the number of copies you want to have. ISBN 90 346 2421 8 Publikatle van de Wetenschappelljke Raad voor het RegerlngsbeleM (WRR), Postbus 20004, 2500 EA 's-Gravenhage (tel. 0704564600). (Publication of the Scientific Council for Government Policy). CONTENTS Introduction by W.J. Dercksen I THE SWEDISH MODEL 1. M. Bruyn-Hundt, The Swedish model for woman's economic independence 2. L. Delsen and T. van Veen, The Swedish model: partially relevant for other European countries II TRllATERALlSM IN EUROPE 3. H. Slomp, The future of tripartism in Europe 4. J. Goetschy-Hingel, 1992 and the social dimension 5. D. Corbey, European integration and the survival of triiateralism 6. A. Steen, The new Europe; boundless liberalism against cross-national trade union solidarity 111 OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS 7. C.J. Lwnstra and T.J.J.B. Wotters, Conflict management and comparative industrial relations: towards a unrfying research strategy 8. H.W.J. Moerel, L Douwes Dekker, T. Akkermans, The system of industrial relations in South Africa, Hungary and the Netherlands 9. P.J.G.M. van Rens, European industrial relations: an urgent challange 10. 8. Reinalda, How international is our vision on labour relations in the process of European integration? 11. J.G. Murcia, Social bargaining in Spain: evolution and current importance 12. M. Santerna, Apprenticeship and vocational education W.J. Dercksen To mark the 65th birthday of Professor W. Albeda an international conference on the Future of Industrial Relations in Europe was held on 7 and 8 June 1990. At that time Albeda was President of the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR) and Professor at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of the University of Limburg (EF/RL). These institutions, in coopeiation with the Dutch Public Sector Advisory and Arbitration Committee (AAC) and the Netherlands Association of lndustrial Relations (NVA), took the initiative for the conference. A group of academics and experts of international renown participated in the conference. In this volume the revised texts of a selection of the communicatlons submitted to the conference are brought together. The revised texts of the lectures at the plenary meetings and the parallel sessions of the conference are published in a seperate volume.' That volume also contains brief impressions of the leading topics which emerged in the discussions in the parallel sessions. The contributions to this volume are arranged in three parts. Part one contains two contributions related to The Swedish Model, the theme of one of the parallel sessions of the conference. Bruyn-Hundt investigates the relevance of the Swedish model for the labour market participation and economic independence of women. Delsen and van Veen argue that the Swedish model is partially relevant for other European countries. Part two contains four contributions related to the future of trilateralism in Europe, a theme of another parallel session. Slomp investigates the British, the French and the German model of industrial relations. In his analysis the extension of trilateralism on the level of the European Community depends on the the degree of success of trilateralism in the member states. Goetschy- Hlngel's paper is based on a "state of the art report" which she wrote for the French Ministry of Research and Technology. Corbey analyzes the European Integration process and concludes that European policy integration might be a precondition to the survival of national trilateralism. Steen analyzes the consequences of the process of European integration for the Norwegian system of industrial relations. Part three contains six other contributions to the theme of the conference. Loonstra and Wotters address the subject of conflict management, and especially third party intervention. Moerel, Douwes Dekker and Akkennans give an impression of the systems of industrial relations in South Africa, Hungary and the Netherlands. Van Rens describes the point of view of the Netherlands Trade Union Confederation (FNV) regarding European industrial relatlons: "an urgent challenge". Reinalda addresses the question: "how international is our vision on labour relations in the process of European integration?" Murcia gives an impression of .the industrial relations in Spain, social ' W.J. Dercksen (e.d.), The Future of Industrial Relations in Euro~e;Preliminary and background studies of the Netherlands Scientfflc Council for Government Policy, V71, The Hague, 1990. bargaining being one of its most outstanding characteristics. Finally, Santema argues for the need of "model projectsuin vocational education and apprenticeship aiming at a better tit of educational innovation and the needs of the regional labour market. I THE SWEDISH MODEL 1. THE SWEDISH MODEL FOR WOMEN'S ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE M. Bruyn-Hundt 1.1 Introduction Labour market participation rates of Swedish women are nearly equal to men's. Although labour market participation rates of Dutch women are rising fast, their rates are still one of the lowest in the industrialized world. Why is this so? Can demographical or educational factors explain this difference in the economic position of women or does the institutional environment in both countries account for it? Does the high labour market participation of Swedish women imply that the income position of Swedish women is the same as the income position of Swedish men? In section 2 we look at the demographical and educational background of women in both countries. In section 3 we present data about women's labour market participation, women's share in unemployment and unemployment and the differences in the income position between men and women. in sections 4 and 5 we look at emancipation policies in both countries and labour market programs. In section 6 we make some concluding remarks. 1.2 Demographical and educational background In both countries one can perceive that the number of marriaaes per 1000 of the population is declining in the second hatf of the sixties, although the marriage rate was and is still is higher in the Netherlands. For example: in 1970 the marriage rate in Sweden was 5,4 per 1000, in Holland 95 In 1988 Sweden counted 5,2 marriages per 1000, Holland 6,0.' The divorce rate in both countries changed dramatically in the seventies and eighties. Before the new divorce act came into being in Sweden in 1974 the divorce rate in 1973 was 83 divorces per 1000 married women. Before the new divorce act in Holland was introduced in 1971 the divorce rate was 33. After the change of the divorce act the divorce rate in both countries rose. The divorce rate in Sweden was highest in 1982 and 1983: 12 divorces per 1000 of married women. in Holland the highest divorce rate was 9,8 in 1984 and 1985. In both countries the divorce rate is declining In recent years? The divorce rate does not tell us everything about the way people are living, because in both countries a rising number of men and women are lMng together unmarried. In Sweden the percentage of not married mothers of newborn children rose from 11,2 % in 1960 to 48,4 in 1986. In 1960 only 1,3% of all new born Dutch children did have an unmarried mother, in 1988 10,2 of all new born children had an unmarried mother. So the rate of children born out of wedlock now in ' SOS Befoikningsforandringar del 3. Hela riket lanen mm.(Popuiation changes), Statistics Sweden; Centraai Bureau voor de Statistiek: 90 jaar statistiek van Nederland. SOS Bdoikningsforandrlngar de1.3. Hela riket lanen mm.(Population changes) Statistics Sweden; Centraal Bureau voor de Statis'tiek: Statistisch Zakboek. Holland is nearly as high as in Sweden in the si~ties.~However 90% of all children 0-3 years old in 1987 lived with both their biological parents. The parents are living together in non-marital consensual unions.= In the sixties the fertilitv rate in Holland was higher than in Sweden, but in the seventies the fertility rate in Sweden rose and became a little bit higher than the rate in Holland. In the eighties the Swedish fertility rate was slightly over 1,6, in Holland it was 13-1,6.' The aae of the mother at the birth of the first child does not differ much: in 1986 the average age of the mother was 26,6 years in Sweden and 26,8 in Holland.' One has the impression that marriage is more unpopular in Sweden: the marriage rate was and is lower in Sweden, the divorce rate higher. A revealing sign of the unpopularity of marriage in Sweden is that, although the fertility rate is higher than in Holland, more than four times as many children are born out of wedlock in Sweden. One can interpret the different attitude towards marriage as a sign of greater independence of Swedish women. In Sweden as well as in Holland separate secondarv schools for aids were developed in the second half of the 19th century. Training in humanities was considered to be more important for girls than training in mathematics and natural sciences. In the 20th century girls got the same chances for education in both countries and the separate schools for girls disappeared.' In the eighties one can find in Swedish as well as Dutch literature data informing the reader that boys and girls have the same amount of education.