A Grammar and Glossary of the Manange Language Kristine A. Hildebrandt University of California, Santa Barbara 1 Table of Contents Abbreviations......................................................................................................... List of Tables and Figures.................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1.1 Goals................................................................................................ 1.2 Background on Manange................................................................. 1.2.1 Geographical Location and Population................................ 1.2.2 Language Classification....................................................... 1.2.3 Available Materials.............................................................. 1.3 Origin of Data.................................................................................. 1.3.1 Language Consultants.......................................................... 1.4 Organization of This Grammar........................................................ 2 Manange Phonetics and Phonology.......................................................... 2.1 Consonants....................................................................................... 2.2 Phonetic Description, Phonemes and Allophonic Variation............ 2.2.1 Bilabials................................................................................ 2.2.2 Dentals.................................................................................. 2.2.3 Alveolars............................................................................... 2.2.4 Retroflexes............................................................................ 2.2.5 Palatals.................................................................................. 2.2.6 Velars.................................................................................... 2.2.7 Glottals.................................................................................. 2.3 Manange Vowels.............................................................................. 2.3.1 Vowel Phonemes.................................................................. 2.3.2 Allophonic Variation............................................................ 2.3.3 Vowel Length....................................................................... 2.4 Manange Phonotactics...................................................................... 2.4.1 Syllable Template and Syllable Structure............................. 2.4.2 Word-Initial Single Onsets.................................................... 2.4.3 Word-Medial Single Onsets.................................................. 2.4.4 Word-Initial Complex Onsets............................................... 2.4.5 Word-Medial Complex Onsets............................................. 2.4.6 Word-Medial and Word-Final Codas................................... 2.5 Tone in Manange.............................................................................. 2.6 Word Structure and Stress Assignment in Manange........................ 2.7 Reduplication Strategies................................................................... 2.8 Orthography...................................................................................... 3 The Manange Noun Phrase....................................................................... 3.1 Nouns................................................................................................ 3.1.1 Monomorphemic Nouns....................................................... 3.1.2 Compound Nouns................................................................. 2 3.1.3 Derived Nouns...................................................................... 3.2 Pronominal Paradigms...................................................................... 3.2.1 Personal Pronouns................................................................ 3.2.2 Demonstratives..................................................................... 3.2.3 Interrogative Pronouns.......................................................... 3.3 Number................. ........................................................................... 3.4 Numerals and Classifiers.................................................................. 3.4.1 Numerals............................................................................... 3.4.2 Classifiers............................................................................. 3.5 Adjectives......................................................................................... 3.5.1 Simple Adjectives................................................................. 3.5.2 Verb-like Adjectives............................................................. 3.5.3 Comparatives & Superlatives............................................... 3.5.4 Phrasal Adjectives................................................................. 3.6 Case Marking.................................................................................... 3.6.1 Ergative................................................................................. 3.6.2 Instrumental.......................................................................... 3.6.3 Genitive................................................................................. 3.6.4 Comitative............................................................................. 3.6.5 Ablative................................................................................. 3.6.6 General Locative................................................................... 3.6.7 Object Marking in Manange................................................. 3.7 Definiteness and Indefiniteness in Manange..................................... 3.8 Word Order in the Manange NP........................................................ 4 Morphology of the Manange Verb Complex and The Clause................ 4.1 Manange –pʌ..................................................................................... 4.2 Stem Classes...................................................................................... 4.3 The Copula......................................................................................... 4.4 Finite Verb Morphology.................................................................... 4.4.1 Evidentials............................................................................. 4.4.2 Aspect.................................................................................... 4.5 Modality............................................................................................. 4.5.1 Future and Realis/Irrealis....................................................... 4.5.2 Imperatives, Permissives and Hortatives............................... 4.6 Negation............................................................................................. 4.7 Valency Adjustment.......................................................................... 4.7.1 Causation............................................................................... 4.7.2 Reflexives and Reciprocals.................................................... 4.8 Word Order of The Clause................................................................. 5 Clause Combining Strategies in Manange................................................ 5.1 Complementation............................................................................... 5.2 Relativization..................................................................................... 5.3 Adverbial Modification...................................................................... 5.4 Serialization....................................................................................... 3 5.5 The Clause Chaining Suffix -tse....................................................... 5.5.1 -tse Clause Chaining............................................................. 5.5.2 Intra-Clausal Temporal Relation Marking and l·-tse-......... Appendices A. A Manange Text Example........................................................................ B. A Manange Glossary.................................................................................. English guide to glossary............................................................................. References.............................................................................................................. 4 Abbreviations ** unknown element 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person ABL ablative ASSOC associative CC clause chainer CLASS classifier COMIT comitative CONJ conjunctive morpheme COP copula DAT dative DEF definite marker DIST distal demonstrative EMPH emphatic particle ERG ergative EVID evidential EXCL exclusive GEN genitive IMP/IMPER imperative INDEF indefinite marker LOC locative NOM nominalizer NEG negative PL plural PROG progressive PROX proximal demonstrative PST past REP reported speech 5 List of Tables and Figures Table 2.1 Manange Consonant Phoneme Inventory.................................................... 1 Table 2.2 Manange Oral Vowel Phoneme Inventory.................................................. Table 2.3 Manange Consonant Phonemes (Orthographic Transcription) .................. Table 2.4 Manange Vowel Phonemes (Orthographic Transcription).......................... Figure 2.1 Pitch Traces for 31 Tone/2/ and Tone /3/ Words, Kathmandu Informant.. Figure