GENDERSCAPE: THE ECOLOGY OF A GENDERING LANDSCAPE By LUZ EVELIA MARTÍN DEL CAMPO-HERMOSILLO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Luz Evelia Martín del Campo-Hermosillo 2 This work is dedicated to Martha Love and Andy Kirby 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is in appreciation to all denizens of Lacanjá Chansayab, México who shared their lives with me since 1991. As early as 1991, a couple of Lacandón men asked if I had gone to a nearby lake. My response, "No, I am afraid of getting lost along the way." Laughing at me, they remarked, "it is like us being in your cities and not being able to read the signs, you do not know how to read the signs of the rain forest.” Each Lacandón receives my gratitude for teaching me to read and understand the rain forest each day. My deepest appreciation goes to Dr. Allan F. Burns for his exceptional support academic leadership. Dr. Mark Brenner at Land Use and Environmental Change Institute was a brilliant point of support. Dr. Sue Boinski breathed life into my dissertation. Dr. Elizabeth Guillette and Dr. Milagros Peña brought their insight and intellect to my work, and Dr. Susan Gillespie opened new theoretical doors by introducing me to landscape theory. Dr. Janaki Alvalpati gave his input on forest economics and forest management, and Dr. Hugo Alejandro Guillen Trujillo made my Méxican university affiliation possible at the Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez from 2003-2005. Thanks to Dr. Sherrie Baver, Dr. Margaret Crahan, Dr. Monty Besmer, Dr. Maureen Rubin, Dr. Hagitte Gal-Ed, and Dr. Kathy Sullivan whose scholarship and personal integrity are my life’s beacon. Gratitude goes to family, and Mai, Gerhard, Martha, Bea, David, Olivia, Allison, Tracy, Lee, Stephanie, Kathy, Asmeret, Jennifer, Judy, Yael, Shannon, Marti, Simone, Milton, Kirsten, Paolo, Bill, Linda, Ruth, Claire, Barbara, Erin, Michelle, Edi, Oanh, Elaine, Sonia, Robbie, Sorin, Amy, Kelly, Kiara, Mauricio, Jungwon, Dori, Marja, Ekaterina, Nira, Jim, and Zoë whose support sparked my curiosity and laughter. Appreciation goes to Sadi Greenwald, who insisted I attend college since Junior High School. And, to Judy Marcus, who cultivated my interest in landscape and cultural representations in art. My mom Evelia Hermosillo and aunt Mercedes Barbara, whose contribution in 1985 changed my life. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 7 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................. 10 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 17 Central Question .......................................................................................................................... 17 Relevance ..................................................................................................................................... 18 My Approach ............................................................................................................................... 21 Sites of Change – Green Mansions ............................................................................................ 24 2 METHODS .................................................................................................................................. 39 Methods as a Process .................................................................................................................. 39 Accidental Tourist Researcher ................................................................................................... 42 Household Census ....................................................................................................................... 47 Participant-observation ............................................................................................................... 48 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................. 49 Seasonal Work Activities ........................................................................................................... 49 Daily Work Tasks........................................................................................................................ 49 Professional Interviews ............................................................................................................... 50 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 51 3 LACANDÓN HOUSEHOLD REPRODUCTION, PRODUCTION ECONOMIES AND SOCIAL MILIEU ....................................................................................................................... 52 Traditional Male Household Production.................................................................................... 52 Milpa..................................................................................................................................... 52 Livestock .............................................................................................................................. 55 Traditional Female Household Reproduction ........................................................................... 57 Tunics ................................................................................................................................... 57 Woodcarving Crafts ............................................................................................................. 59 Ceramic pottery – Los Dios De Mí Papa ........................................................................... 60 Woven Bags ......................................................................................................................... 60 Necklaces ............................................................................................................................. 61 Bread and Sewing Machine Women’s Cooperative .......................................................... 62 5 Tourism - Theme Travel ............................................................................................................. 63 Maps as Landscape ..................................................................................................................... 75 Lacandón Social Milieu .............................................................................................................. 80 Genesis and Origin .............................................................................................................. 80 Oral Traditions ..................................................................................................................... 82 Power Structures .................................................................................................................. 85 Definition of "Other” - Linguistic ...................................................................................... 86 Onens (Family Names) ........................................................................................................ 88 Marriage Patterns ................................................................................................................. 89 Kinship System .................................................................................................................... 90 Secular Education ................................................................................................................ 91 Residential Settlement Patterns .......................................................................................... 95 Defining Time and Space .................................................................................................... 96 Landscape Autobiographies- Spatial Premise of Identity ................................................. 97 4 RAIN FOREST POLICIES AND PRACTICES .................................................................... 118 Lacandón Rain Forest Practices ............................................................................................... 118 Migration ................................................................................................................................... 121 Immigration ............................................................................................................................... 128 Hydroelectric Power ................................................................................................................. 132 Oro Verde: Green Gold – Palma Camedor (Xate) .................................................................. 132 Petroleum - Petroleos Méxicanos (PEMEX) ........................................................................... 134 Access-Ethics and Distributive