RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE LIBRARY COLLECTION RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE LIBRARY COLLECTION GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Antarctica in a Resource Age The Seventh Continent The Seventh Continent Antarctica in a Resource Age Deborah Shapley Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 )3". RFF Press strives to minimize its impact on the environment Deborah Shapley Content Type: Black & White Paper Type: White Page Count: 338 File type: Internal Global Environment and Development Vol 7.qxd 9/17/2010 2:27 PM Page i RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE LIBRARY COLLECTION GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 7 The Seventh Continent Antarctica in a Resource Age Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Global Environment and Development Vol 7.qxd 9/17/2010 2:27 PM Page ii Full list of titles in the set GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 1: Rural Women at Work Volume 2: Natural Resource Information for Economic Development Volume 3: Foreign Investment in the Petroleum and Mineral Industries Volume 4: The Development of Tropical Lands Volume 5: Economic Equality and Fertility in Developing Countries Volume 6: Population and Development Volume 7: The Seventh Continent Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 The Seventh Continent Antarctica in a Resource Age Deborah Shapley Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 ~RFF PRESS = ~RES~OUR~CES~FO~RT~HE F~UTU~RE New York • London First pub I ished in 1985 by Resources for the Future This edition first published in 2011 by RFF Press, an imprint of Earthscan First edition © Resources for the Future 1985 This edition © Earthscan 1985, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without the prior, written permission of the publisher. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development ISBN: 978-1-61726-048-3 (Volume 7) ISBN: 978-1-61726-005-6 (Global Environment and Development set) ISBN: 978-1-61 726-000-1 (Resources for the Future Library Collection) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Publisher's note The publisher has made every effort to ensure the quality of this reprint, but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our C02 emissions, including those created through publication of this book. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 THE SEVENTH CONTINENT Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 THE SEVENTH CONTINENT Antarctica Ina• Resource Age Deborah Shapley Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright© 1985 by Resources for the Future, Inc. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Published by Resources for the Future, Inc., 1616 P Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Resources for the Future books are distributed worldwide by The johns Hopkins University Press. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Shapley. Deborah, 1945- The seventh continent. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Antarctic regions-International status. 2. Marine resources conservation-Law and legislation­ Antarctic regions. I. Title. JX4084.A5S53 1985 341.2'9'09989 85-5581 ISBN 978-1-61726-048-3 ReSOURCeS FOR THe FUTURe 1616 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 DIRECTORS M. Gordon Wolman, Chairman Kenneth L. Lay Charles E. Bishop Franklin A. Lindsay Anne P. Carter Vincent E. McKelvey Emery N. Castle Richard W. Manderbach William T. Creson Laurence I. Moss Henry L. Diamond Leopolda Solis James R. Ellis Carl H. Stoltenberg Jerry D. Geist Russell E. Train John H. Gibbons Barbara S. Uehling Bohdan Hawrylyshyn Robert M. White Thomas J. Klutznick Franklin H. Williams HONORARY DIRECTORS Horace M. Albright EdwardS. Mason Hugh L. Keenleyside William S. Paley John W Vanderwilt OFFICERS Emery N. Castle, President John F. Ahearne, Vice President Edward F. Hand, Secretary-Treasurer Resources for the Future is a nonprofit organization for research and education in the development, conservation, and use of natural resources, including the quality of the environment. It was established in 1952 with the cooperation of the Ford Foundation. Grants for research are accepted from government and private sources only on the condi­ tion that RFF shall be solely responsible for the conduct of the research and free to make its results available to the public. Most of the work of Resources for the Future is carried out by its resident staff; part is supported by grants to universities and other nonprofit organizations. Unless otherwise stated, interpretations and conclusions in RFF publications are those of the authors; the organization takes responsibility for the selection of significant subjects for study, the competence of the researchers, and their freedom of inquiry. This book is the.product of RFF's Energy and Materials Division, Joel Darmstadter, direc­ tor. Deborah Shapley, a journalist who writes on science, public affairs, and national Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 defense topics, is a visiting scholar at Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies. This book was edited by Jo Hinkel and designed by Elsa Williams. Maps were drawn by the James A. Smith Studio, photographs were obtained by Picture Research, and the index was prepared by The Information Bank. Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Contents Forward by Joel Darmstadter 1x Preface x1 one The Setting two The United States in Antarctica: Past 20 three Other National Interests 65 four The Antarctic Treaty 89 five Resource Issues Emerge 112 SIX Resources Drive Diplomacy 147 seven The United States in Antarctica: Present and Future 171 eight The Future of the Antarctic Treaty 218 Appendix A The Antarctic Treaty 249 Appendix B Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 257 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Notes 273 Sources of Illustrations 301 Sources of Maps 302 Index 303 vii viii CONTE!'\TS List of Tables 5-l. Reported Catch of Fish and Krill in the Antarctic, 1972-73 Through 1980-81 120 5-2, Comparison of Selected Layered Intrusions Worldwide 136 7-l. Allocations Within U,S, Antarctic Research For Selected Years 181 7-2, Annual Obligations for the U,S, Antarctic Program for FY 1953-84 182 8-1, UN Security Council Membership and Antarctic Treaty Parties, as of May 1983 229 8-2, The Antarctic Treaty in 1991 Showing Possible Growth Through Association 242 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Foreword Resources for the Future is pleased to publish this book for at least three reasons. First, any broad-ranging study of Antarctica's his­ tory, politics, and development prospects calls for a command of issues in geography, science policy, technology, and international law, and Deborah Shapley addresses these with authority and flair. Second, at this time, the nations of the world are struggling to fashion a legal framework to govern Antarctic resources, which some regard as the "common heritage of mankind." This debate, described vividly here, represents an ongoing application of the common-property resource concept, which has played a promi­ nent role in RFF's research and analytical contributions during the past quarter-century. Third, the continent's energy and minerals endowment-if ex­ ploitable at all (and in the author's judgment the prospects for this are dim)-constitute at best "resources for the future." RFF's inter­ est and participation, therefore, should be self-evident. Indeed, RFF's concern with this subject dates back to its earlier support for Neal 'Potter's Natural Resource Potential of the Antarctic, published in 1969 by the American Geographical Society. We wish to thank the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for launching this project and sustaining it in its earlier stages and the Ford Foundation for its support in helping to bring it to a successful conclusion. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Joel Darmstadter, Director Energy and Materials Division Resources for the Future IX Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 02:15 24 May 2016 Preface The purpose of this book is to present a comprehensive picture of the role of Antarctica in world affairs today. Antarctica is the earth's seventh continent and the only one without native human inhabitants. It is the only one whose mineral resources are essen­ tially unexamined and untapped, and the only one whose living resources-found in great abundance in the continent's offshore waters-are barely so. Today, more than three-quarters of the way through the twentieth century, as man moves manufacturing facilities into space and as his probes reach the outer planets, Antarctica remains a great untouched wilderness used almost exclusively for scientific research. But though Antarctica is the frozen continent, human activities regarding it are hardly standing still. The last decade has seen major changes in the way Antarctica is perceived, used, and gov­ erned; the next decade will see more changes. First, there is the growing international interest in Antarctica's resource potential.