Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 103 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Grasses of Egypt Kamal M. Ibrahim, Hasnaa A. Hosni, and Paul M. Peterson SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the follow- ing statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the follow- ing active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (avail- able on SISP’s “Author Resources” page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu). For open access, fully searchable PDFs of volumes in the Smithsonian Contributions Series, visit Open SI (http://opensi.si.edu). smithsonian contributions to botany • numb e r 1 0 3 Grasses of Egypt Kamal M. Ibrahim, Hasnaa A. Hosni, and Paul M. Peterson WASHINGTON D.C. 2016 ABSTRACT Ibrahim, Kamal M., Hasnaa A. Hosni, and Paul M. Peterson. Grasses of Egypt. Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Botany, number 103, x + 201 pages, 292 figures, 1 table, 2016.—A vegetative key, descriptions, and illustrations for the identification of 284 native and naturalized grasses that occur in Egypt are presented. In addition, we provide a modern classification, glossary of terms, and indexes to scientific and common names. The key is based on vegetative characters to allow identification of specimens that do not have flowering structures (inflorescences and spikelets). Cover images, from left to right: Enneapogon persicus spikelet (Figure 129C); Phalaris paradoxa habit (Figure 199A, detail); Stipagrostis obtusa habit (Figure 256A, detail); Bromus fasciculatus habit (Figure 42A, detail); Cenchrus echinatus habit (Figure 61A, detail); Cymbopogon iwarancusa spikelets (Figure 89D). Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu Compilation copyright © 2016 Smithsonian Institution The rights to text and images in this publication, including cover and interior designs, are owned either by the Smithsonian Institution, by contributing authors, or by third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify copyrighted content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ibrahim, Kamal (Kamal M.), author. | Hosni, Hasnaa A., author. | Peterson, Paul M., author. Title: Grasses of Egypt / Kamal M. Ibrahim, Hasnaa A. Hosni, and Paul M. Peterson. Other titles: Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 103. Description: Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2016. | Series: Smithsonian contributions to botany ; number 103 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015035797 Subjects: LCSH: Grasses--Egypt--Identification. | Grasses--Egypt--Classification. Classification: LCC QK495.G74 I24 2016 | DDC 584.90962--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015035797 ISSN: 1938-2812 (online); 0081-024X (print) Publication date (online): 11 March 2016 Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Stan- dard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. Contents LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 Morphological Characters 3 Phytogeography 6 Identification 7 Acknowledgments 10 VEGETATIVE KEY TO THE GRASSES OF EGYPT 13 DESCRIPTIONS 29 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 181 REFERENCES 187 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES (ARABIC) 191 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES (ENGLISH) 195 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 199 Figures 1. General morphology 4 2. Growth forms 5 3. Types of sheaths, auricles, and collars 6 4. Ligule types, shapes, and margins 7 5. Leaf blade apices, bases, and margins 8 6. Leaf blade characteristics 9 7. Inflorescence types 10 8. Inflorescence and spikelet characteristics 11 9. Phytogeographical territories of Egypt 12 10. Acrachne racemosa 29 11. Aegilops bicornis 30 12. Aegilops geniculata 30 13. Aegilops kotschyi 31 14. Aegilops longissima 31 15. Aegilops peregrina 32 16. Aegilops ventricosa 32 17. Aeluropus lagopoides 33 18. Aeluropus littoralis 33 19. Agropyron cristatum 34 20. Agrostis stolonifera 34 21. Alopecurus myosuroides 35 22. Ammochloa palaestina 35 23. Ammophila arenaria 36 24. Andropogon distachyos 36 25. Aristida adscensionis 37 26. Aristida funiculata 37 27. Aristida mutabilis 38 28. Arundo donax 38 29. Avena barbata 39 30. Avena fatua 40 31. Avena longiglumis 40 32. Avena sativa 41 33. Avena sterilis 41 34. Brachypodium distachyon 42 35. Briza maxima 42 vi • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 36. Briza minor 43 37. Bromus aegyptiacus 43 38. Bromus alopecuros 44 39. Bromus catharticus 44 40. Bromus danthoniae 45 41. Bromus diandrus 45 42. Bromus fasciculatus 46 43. Bromus hordeaceus 47 44. Bromus inermis 47 45. Bromus japonicus 48 46. Bromus lanceolatus 48 47. Bromus lepidus 49 48. Bromus madritensis 49 49. Bromus pectinatus 50 50. Bromus pulchellus 50 51. Bromus pumilio 51 52. Bromus rubens 51 53. Bromus scoparius 52 54. Bromus sterilis 52 55. Bromus tectorum 53 56. Catapodium rigidum 54 57. Cenchrus americanus 54 58. Cenchrus biflorus 55 59. Cenchrus ciliaris 55 60. Cenchrus clandestinus 56 61. Cenchrus echinatus 56 62. Cenchrus longisetus 57 63. Cenchrus orientalis 57 64. Cenchrus pennisetiformis 58 65. Cenchrus ramosissimus 58 66. Cenchrus setaceus 59 67. Cenchrus setiger 59 68. Cenchrus sieberianus 60 69. Cenchrus violaceus 60 70. Centropodia forskalii 61 71. Centropodia fragilis 61 72. Chloris flagellifera 62 73. Chloris gayana 62 74. Chloris prieurii 63 75. Chloris pycnothrix 63 76. Chloris virgata 64 77. Chrysopogon plumulosus 64 78. Chrysopogon zizanioides 65 79. Coelachyrum brevifolium 65 80. Coix lacryma-jobi 66 81. Cortaderia selloana 66 82. Corynephorus divaricatus 67 83. Crithopsis delileana 67 84. Cutandia dichotoma 68 85. Cutandia maritima 68 86. Cutandia memphitica 69 87. Cymbopogon citratus 69 88. Cymbopogon flexuosus 70 89. Cymbopogon iwarancusa 70 NUMBER 103 • vii 90. Cymbopogon martini 71 91. Cymbopogon nardus 72 92. Cymbopogon schoenanthus 72 93. Cynodon dactylon 73 94. Cynodon transvaalensis 73 95. Cynosurus coloratus 74 96. Cynosurus echinatus 74 97. Dactylis glomerata 75 98. Dactyloctenium aegyptium 75 99. Dactyloctenium aristatum 76 100. Dactyloctenium scindicum 77 101. Danthoniopsis barbata 77 102. Desmazeria philistaea 78 103. Desmostachya bipinnata 78 104. Dichanthium annulatum 79 105. Dichanthium foveolatum 79 106. Digitaria ciliaris 80 107. Digitaria nodosa 80 108. Digitaria sanguinalis 81 109. Digitaria velutina 81 110. Digitaria violascens 82 111. Dinebra panicea 82 112. Dinebra retroflexa 83 113. Diplachne fusca 83 114. Echinochloa colona 84 115. Echinochloa crus-galli 85 116. Echinochloa pyramidalis 85 117. Echinochloa stagnina 86 118. Ehrharta calycina 86 119. Eleusine africana 87 120. Eleusine coracana 87 121. Eleusine floccifolia 88 122. Eleusine indica 88 123. Elionurus royleanusv 89 124. Elymus elongatus 89 125. Elymus farctus 90 126. Elymus repens 90 127. Enneapogon desvauxii 91 128. Enneapogon lophotrichus 91 129. Enneapogon persicus 92 130. Enneapogon scaber 92 131. Eragrostis aegyptiaca 93 132. Eragrostis aspera 94 133. Eragrostis barrelieri 94 134. Eragrostis cilianensis 95 135. Eragrostis ciliaris 95 136. Eragrostis japonica 96 137. Eragrostis lepida 96 138. Eragrostis minor 97 139. Eragrostis pilosa 97 140. Eragrostis sarmentosa 98 141. Eragrostis tef 98 142. Eragrostis tenella 99 143. Eragrostis tenuifolia 99 viii • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 144. Eragrostis tremula 100 145. Eremopyrum bonaepartis 100 146. Eremopyrum distans 101 147. Festuca brevis 101 148. Festuca bromoides 102 149. Festuca fasciculata 102 150. Festuca myuros 103 151. Festuca pectinella 103 152. Gastridium phleoides 104 153. Halopyrum mucronatum 104 154. Hemarthria altissima 105 155. Holcus annuus 105 156. Hordeum marinum 106 157. Hordeum murinum 107 158. Hordeum spontaneum 107 159. Hordeum vulgare 108 160. Hyparrhenia hirta 108 161. Imperata cylindrica 109 162. Lagurus ovatus 109 163. Lamarckia aurea 110 164. Lasiurus scindicus 111 165. Leersia hexandra