3D Printing and the Implications on Intellectual Property from a Belgian-European Perspective

3D Printing and the Implications on Intellectual Property from a Belgian-European Perspective

Faculty of Law, Ghent University Academic Year 2015-2016 3D Printing and the Implications on Intellectual Property from a Belgian-European Perspective Master’s dissertation Master of Laws Submitted by Deven Dobbelaere (student number 01006947) Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ben Depoorter Commissioner: Dr. Jef De Mot Dedication For my mother, who taught me to love knowledge. For my father, who taught me perseverance. i (DUTCH) SAMENVATTING 3D Printen kan de volgende grote ontwrichtende technologie worden. Recente ontwikkelingen hebben mogelijks de weg vrijgemaakt voor 3D Printen door consumenten en zou wel eens een golf van massamaatwerk in de huizen van mensen rondom de wereld met zich kunnen meebrengen. Er is een heel ecosysteem rond 3D printen ontstaan dat helpt bij het opbouwen van de wereld van 3D printen. Deze nieuwe wereld biedt vele kansen maar kan ook verstrekkende gevolgen hebben, vooral op het vlak van intellectuele eigendomsrechten. De 3D Printing beweging is onlosmakelijk verbonden met de effecten van digitalisering waarvan de gevolgen lijken op die waarmee de muziekindustrie een decennium gelegden geconfronteerd werd. De CAD-bestanden die de 3D-modellen bevatten kunnen online gedeeld worden, bewerkt en geprint op grote schaal. Ze kunnen echter ook aanleiding geven tot heel wat potentiële conflicten. De nadruk van deze masterproef ligt op het onderzoeken van deze opkomende conflicten tussen de intellectuele eigendomsrechtenhouders en de actoren in het 3D printen ecosysteem. De implicaties van 3D printen voor auteursech, tekening- en modellenrecht, octrooirecht en merkenrecht worden onderzocht vanuit een Belgisch-Europees perspectief. De combinatie van een Europees rechtskader en een specifiek nationaal systeem zorgt voor een diepgaande analyse van de mogelijke inbreuken en geeft ons inzicht in de tekortkomingen van de wetgeving en de reacties op deze opkomende conflicten. Tot slot worden de drie-dimensionale strategieën besproken voor de rechtenhouders die willen overleven in een wereld na de komst van de 3D-printtechnologie. Juridische en technische oplossingen worden besproken voor de 3D-ontwerpers en bedrijven die afhankelijk zijn van hun intellectuele eigendom, terwijl het duidelijk wordt dat de enige oplossing aanpassen is aan 3D printen. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1 PART I. THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF 3D PRINTING .......................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1. 3D PRINTING: HYPE OR DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY? ........................................................................... 4 §1. THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF 3D PRINTING ............................................................................................. 4 §2. THE TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 5 I. Additive ManufaCturing (AM) and CAD Files ................................................................................................................................ 5 II. The Next Step: COnsumer 3D Printing ............................................................................................................................................ 7 §3. THE IMPORTANCE OF 3D PRINTING IN THE (NEAR) FUTURE ......................................................... 8 I. Figures and PrediCtiOns .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 II. DOn’t Believe The Hype? .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 II. 1. The NOn-Believers ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 II. 2. More Than Hype ................................................................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2. THE 3D PRINTING ECOSYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 13 §1. ACTORS IN THE 3D PRINTING ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................................ 13 I. Printer and Material ManufaCturers .............................................................................................................................................. 14 II. Developers and Creators of CAD files .......................................................................................................................................... 15 III. Internet ServiCe PrOviders (ISP’s) ............................................................................................................................................... 15 III. 1. The File Sharers Or COntent PrOviders ................................................................................................................... 16 III.1.a. User-Generated COntent (UGC) ................................................................................................................................ 16 III. 2. The User-Generated COntent Websites Or HOst PrOviders ............................................................................ 17 III. 3. The Internet ACCess PrOviders ................................................................................................................................... 17 IV. 3D Printing ServiCes and End Users ............................................................................................................................................ 18 IV. 1. The 3D Printing ServiCe and Online Marketplace .............................................................................................. 18 IV. 2. The HOme User .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 PART II. 3D PRINTING AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 1. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ...................................................................................................................... 20 §1. THE EFFECTS OF DIGITIZATION ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ................................................. 20 I. The MusiC Industry Analogy .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 2. COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................................. 22 §1. 3D PRINTING IMPLICATIONS ON COPYRIGHT ....................................................................................... 22 I. A Belgian-EurOpean PerspeCtive ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 I. 1. The Current and future EurOpean COpyright system ........................................................................................... 22 I. 2. At a natiOnal level: The COpyright system in Belgium ......................................................................................... 23 §2. 3D PRINTING AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ....................................................................................... 24 II. COpyright PrOteCtiOn Of a CAD File ............................................................................................................................................... 25 II. 1. Digital Blueprint ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 II. 2. Software ................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 III. Copyright ProteCtion of a 3D Printed ObjeCt ........................................................................................................................... 29 §3. 3D PRINTING AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENTS ............................................................................... 30 I. IntrOduCtiOn: ACtivities Of the 3D Printing ECOsystem ACtors ............................................................................................ 30 II. Creating a CAD mOdel ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 II. 1. ReprOduCtiOn ....................................................................................................................................................................... 31 II.1.a. 3D SCanning and the Art & Allposters analogy ...................................................................................................

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