The origin and nature of Salado: evidence from the Safford Valley, Arizona Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Brown, Jeffrey Lawrence, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 00:54:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/597108 THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OP SALADO: EVIDENCE FRCM THE SAFFORD VALLEY, ARIZONA by- Jeffrey Lawrence Brown A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Jeffrey Lawrence Brown_________________________ entitled The Origin and Nature of Salado: Evidence from the Safford Valley, Arizona.____________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _______Doctor of Philosophy__________________________ _ After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* / V /??! - 7 3 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Excavations at the Methodist Church site were sponsored and financially aided by the Graham County Historical Society. I owe special thanks to the Board of the First United Methodist Church for permitting excavations, to Rev. and Mrs. Robert Bjorkland not only for assistance on the dig, but for the generous loan of parsonage facilities, and to Mr. Joe Agers for delaying construction at the site. The following people participated in the excavations at the Methodist Church site: Mr. Dwight Abram, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bjorkland, Mr. Brad Brawley, Mrs. Aileen Carpenter, Mr. and Mrs. Ted Chadwick, Mr. and Mrs. Mason Coggin. Miss Peggy Davis, Mr, Eugene Etter, Mrs. E. W. and Steven Hicks, Mr. Frank Highby, Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lee, Mr. and Mrs. Russell Murdock, Mrs. Glen Porter, Mr. Larry Shiflet, Mrs. Bruce Stadfield, and Mr. Ray Theissen. To Mr. and Mrs. Afton Whitmer I owe an important debt of thanks for permitting excavations on their property and for helping with the excavation of the Whitmer site. Mrs, Aileen Carpenter, Mrs. Robert E, Lee, and Mrs. Jerri Hack and family also aided exca­ vations. Hayward Franklin, Department of Anthropology,- University of Arizona, helped with site survey and excavations. Thomas Bridge, Physical Sciences Department, Kansas State Teachers College, guided the petrographic analysis. The staff of the Henderson Museum at the ill iv University of Colorado graciously provided access to the artifacts and notes from Tatman's excavations at the Buena Vista site. To all the collectors, property owners, and individuals who helped in this project I cannot give enough thanks. Very special thanks are due to the Dwight Abram family, to Rev. and Mrs. Robert Bjorkland, and especially to Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lee for many kindnesses that can never be repaid. Also, I wish to express my appreciation to the members of my dissertation committee, Raymond H. Thompson, William J. Robinson, and R. Gwinn Vivian whose critical suggestions did much to improve the quality of this effort. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................. .. viii LIST OF TABLES ................. .......................... x A B S T R A C T .................................................. xii 1, INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM .............. 1 Misconceptions and Speculations ....................... U Hypotheses ........................................... 8 Summary ......................................... 12 2. SITE SUMMARY . .......................................... ill Earven Flat S i t e .............. Hi Earven Flat Site, Cultural Affiliation .............. Hi The Yuma Wash Site ............................. 20 The Yuma Wash Site, Cultural Affiliation ............. 23 The Rincon Canyon S i t e ............................... 23 The Rincon Canyon Site, Cultural Affiliation ........ 23 The Methodist Church Site ......................... .. 27 Excavation Procedure .......... 27 Architecture ....... ....................... 29 Artifacts ..................... 30 Subfloor Artifacts ...... ................. 35 Vegetal Material . .......... 35 The Methodist Church Site, Cultural Affiliation . , . 39 Bonita Creek Ceremonial Cave ....... .......... 39 Artifacts ..... ............................... 39 Bonita Creek Ceremonial Cave, Cultural Affiliation . U5 The Marijilda Site ................................. U8 Room Features and Artifacts ....................... ti8 The Marijilda Site, Cultural Affiliation .......... 60 The Whitmer Site..................................... 61 Architecture....................................... 6l Artifacts ............................. 61i The Whitmer Site, Cultural Affiliation ........ 6U The Spear Ranch Site ............ .......... 69 The Spear Ranch Site, Cultural Af f i l i a t i o n ........... 72 The Goat Hill Site ................................... 76 The Goat Hill Site, Cultural Affiliation ............ 76 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page The Buena Vista Site ................. ................ .. 82 House 1, General A r c h i t e c t u r e ..................... 8U House 1, Room Features............ .. 8U House 1, Wall, Floor, and Roof Construction .... 86 House 1, Ceramic Artifacts ............. 87 House 1, Non-ceramic Artifacts ..................... 87 House 1, B u r i a l s ................................. 91 House 1, Artifact Associations..................... 91 House 1, Cultural Affiliation .................... 91 House 2 99 House 2, Cultural Affiliation ..................... 100 House 3 100 Summary ......... ................ ...... 100 3. TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS.......................... 10$ Time Indicators ........... .............. 10$ Wingate Black-on-red .............. ........ 10$ Tularosa Black-on-white .... ... 10$ Tularosa Fillet R i m ................................. 106 Pinedale Polychrome ................. ....... 106 Maverick Mountain Wares (Maverick Mountain Black- on-red, Maverick Mountain Polychrome, and Nantack Polychrome).............................. 106 St. Johns Polychrome .......... .......... 112 Temporal Placement of the S i t e s ............ 113 Classification and Temporal Placement of the Salado Polychromes ............................ 11$ Summary ............................... 120 U. HYPOTHESIS T E S T I N G ............................................122 Cibola Migration Hypothesis ............. 122 Hypothesis 1 ......... .................. 122 Tonto Basin Migration Hypothesis .......... ...... 12U Hypothesis 2 .............. 12U Gila Basin Migration Hypothesis . » ................... 12U Hypothesis 3 .... ............................... 12U Casas Grandes Migration Hypothesis ........... 12$ Hypothesis h ..........................................12$ Central Mountain Region Migration Hypothesis ...... 126 Hypothesis $ ..........................................126 Safford Valley Origin Hypothesis............ 130 Hypothesis 6 ................... ................... 130 S u m m a r y .................................................. 131 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page 5. PUEBLO VIEJO SA L A D O ....................................... 132 Pueblo Viejo Salado and Tonto Basin Salado Comparisons, 13U Pueblo Viejo Salado and Gila Basin Salado Comparisons . 135 Pueblo Viejo Salado and Reeve Ruin Comparisons , . , 137 Pueblo Viejo Salado and Kayenta-Maverick Mountain Comparisons....... ... .......... .................. 139 Buena Vista Salado Polychrome Layout F o r m s .......... m 2 Buena Vista Salado Polychrome Design Elements ........ 150 Summary .......... ................. 152 6. CONCLUSIONS.............................. i # LIST (F R E F E R E N C E S ............................. .......... 1^5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Pueblo Viejo region of the Safford Valley ...... 15> 2. Sketch map of the Barren Flat site 16 3. Sketch map of the Rincon Canyon s i t e ................... 2U U. The Methodist Church site ....... .................. 28 5. Methodist Church site artifacts . ............... .. 36 6.