Subject: History Topic: 2.1 Bolshevik Consolidation Year Group: 12 Key word Definition 1. How did the Bolsheviks consolidate their control? 2. Ending involvement in WWI All Russian A group of deputies elected from local soviets 1 Creating a 1. The Bolsheviks replaced the Cabinet with who would meet and organise the running of 1 Congress of Soviets one-party the Sovknarkom Why 1. The Bolsheviks promised peace and much the country withdraw of their support came from tired soldiers state 2. The Bolsheviks abandoned the title Central Executive Congress deputies elected the Central ? 2. Lenin was worried about civil war – he ‘Minister’ and replaced it with ‘People’s Committee Committee. Commissar’ could recall troops and get ready to fight the Bolshevik opponents. Constitution A set of laws a country is run by Electing 1. The Provisional Government had 2 3. Russia’s military was exhausted and could Replaced the Red Guard – the Bolshevik army the organised elections for the Constituent not continue to fight. Red Army Constitue Assembly for November 4. Lenin was convinced Germany was about Sovnarkom The government of the new revolutionary nt 2. Lenin had to honour this arrangement to have its own Communist Revolution regime Assembly 3. The SRs won with 53% of the vote. 2 Why was 1. Ceasefire was agreed in December but 4. Consolidating the one party state 3 How did 1. Lenin demanded that the Assembly were it negotiating a treaty took several months Lenin subservient to the Sovnarkom and the difficult? 2. Germany was already occupying large 1 How did 1. Nationalisation of industry and land control soviets. areas of Russia and demanded major they ownership increased the Bolsheviks’ the 2. When the Assembly met in January and concessions increase power Constitue rejected this condition, Lenin brought the 3. Trotsky did not support Lenin’s mantra of their 2. In March 1918, Trotsky was made head nt Red Guard to block the elected ‘peace at any cost’ power of the new Red Army to control Assembly? representatives entry further? growing unrest 3. This effectively closed the Assembly 3 What was 1. The treaty caused major splits in the the Bolsheviks: Bukharin led the 2 What was 1. In July 1918 the Bolsheviks set out a 4 How did 1. He said that the election didn’t reflect the impact of ‘revolutionary war group’ that argued the Soviet new Soviet Constitution. It appeared Lenin will of the people signing? against peace at all costs. Constituti democratic but in reality, power rested justify 2. He said the Soviets were a better form of 2. Trotsky delayed negotiations hoping for a on? with Lenin closing the democracy while the Assembly was a German revolution, but this angered the 3 Expectation: The Congress of Soviets would Assembly? form of bourgeois democracy Germans who continued their military What did it say represent the interests of Local Soviets and be 3. He claimed “dictatorship of the advance into Russia. elected from local soviets proletariat” was the way forward to 3. The resulting treaty was extremely about the Congress Reality: benefit the workers and peasants. unpopular: The Left SRs resigned from 1. The Congress didn’t meet often the Government in protest. of 2. The Congress was only elected from Soviets? Key dates 4. The treaty led to a significant decline in Bolshevik candidates support for the Bolsheviks and increase in 4 What did Expectation: The Sovnarkom should be Oct 1917 First Decrees (Peace, Land, Press) & Sovnarkom support for the SRs and Mensheviks 1 it say appointed by the Congress created 5. The Bolsheviks lost the elections to the about the Reality: soviets across Russia in April and May 2 Dec 1917 Further decrees (Bank & Military) & Cheka created Sovnarko 1. The Sovnarkom was chosen by the Central 1918. Committee rather than the Congress m? 2. The Sovnarkom consisted of only Bolsheviks 3 Jan 1918 Constituent Assembly dissolved 4 Losses 1. 62 million people (1/6 Russia’s from the population) 5 What did Expectation: Soviets should represent the treaty 2. 2 million km2 of land it say masses Reality: 4 Feb 1918 Nationalisation of industry 3. 1/3 Russia’s agricultural production land about 1. From July 1918, members of the former 4. ¼ of Russia’s railway lines Soviets? 5 Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ‘exploiting classes’ were banned from 5. ¾ of Russia’s iron and coal supplies voting or holding office 6 July 1918 Soviet Constitution established 6. 3 billion roubles in war reparations 2. Worker votes were worth 5x peasant votes Subject: History Topic: 2.2 Bolshevik Consolidation Year Group: 12 1. Causes of the Russian Civil War 3. The murder of the Tsar Key people Led a White army in Siberia and proclaimed Kolchak 1 How did the 1. Their political opponents were not 1 What 1. On 16th-17thJuly 1918, a local Cheka himself ‘Supreme Ruler of Russia’. happened? detachment executed Nicholas II and his Bolsheviks prepared to accept their absolute rule. Yudenich Formed a White army in the north west create 2. Their policies and actions resulted in them family enemies? having many more enemies. 2. It is almost certain that Lenin authorised Makhno An anarchist Green leader in the Ukraine this killing 2 Why else did 1. Some fought the Civil War to achieve Denikin Led the White army Southern Volunteer Army 2 Why was it 1. The Tsar and his family were important people fight? independence from the Russian Empire, but Led a ‘Caucasus Volunteer Army’ against the important? figureheads for the Whites Wrangel others fought to prevent it Bolsheviks during the civil war. 2. Their murder was a big blow for White 3 How did the 1. Russia’s old allies called for direct military morale Dzerzhinsky Head of the Cheka Allies action against the Bolsheviks encourage 2. They were angry with the Russian 4. Why did the Reds win? 5. Government control war? withdrawal from the war and the 1 Geo- 1. The Reds commanded the hub of 1 cancellation of the Tsar’s debts How did 1. Half a million Party members fought graphy communications, the factories and mostly the war for the Red Army - used to obeying 4 Why did Lenin 1. Lenin wanted a conflict to destroy his densely populated areas. increase orders and acting with extreme force fight? opponents in a short war rather than be 2. The Whites were widely dispersed and in less Bolshevik 2. In wartime it was essential that challenged by them throughout Bolshevik developed areas control? orders from the centre were rule. communicated quickly –this 2 Leader- 1. The Red Army was well disciplined under centralisation stayed after the war ship Trotsky, who ensured they were fed and 3. Central controls were brought in to 2. Who fought in the Russian Civil War? supplied. deal with food shortages. 2. The White leadership was disorganized with 1 Reds 1. The Bolshevik Red Army, led by Trotsky little discipline 2 How did 1. To organise the war the Soviet 2 Whites 1. The various armies and groups made up of the the war bureaucracy grew larger –there were 3 Bolsheviks’ opponents The 1. He ensured loyalty by shooting deserters. change more bureaucrats than workers 2. Reintroduced traditional ranks in the army and how the 2. In 1919 the Politburo was created– 2. Led by former Tsarist officers. Role of recruited 50,000 former tsarist officers, country they took over the running of the 3. Had very little in common with except their hatred Trotsky 3. He set up political commissars to ensure their was run? country and replaced the Sovnarkom of the Bolsheviks loyalty 3 What 1. After two assassination attempts on 3 Greens 1. A largely peasant army fighting for independence 4 Unity 1. The Reds were united in their aims and was the Lenin in 1918, the Red Terror started 2. Fought a guerrilla campaign in the Ukraine. ideology. Red to emerge 3. They sided with, and fought against, both Reds and 2. White generals operated independently and Terror? 2. The Cheka grew from 120 employees Whites at different points in the Civil War fought for different objectives in March 1918 to 143,000 by 1921 4 The 1. Britain, France and the USA all sent troops to help 4 What did 1. Round up political opposition and 5 Support 1. Although peasant support varied, generally Allies the Whites the Reds’ land policies were more popular the enforced the central government than the White Cheka commands 5 The 1. Formed from Czech nationalists who had arrived in do? 2. Official records put Cheka executions Czech Russia during the war against Germany. 6 Propa- 1. The Bolsheviks took advantage of the foreign at 13,000 between 1918 & 1920 but Legion 2. Joined forces with the Whites after the Bolsheviks ganda invasion and sloppy discipline of the Whites to the real figure was mire likely around tried to block and arrest some of the Czech show them as degenerate and encouraging 300,000 soldiers foreign invasion. 3. To house all their victims, the 2. Trotsky also travelled spreading propaganda Bolsheviks set up concentration and 6 The 1. Fought to gain control of western Ukraine on his train. labour camps. Poles Subject: History Topic: 2.3 Bolshevik Consolidation Year Group: 12 Key word Definition 1. State Capitalism 3. War Communism GOELRO Organisation formed in 1920 to organise the production and 1 Why? 1. Lenin’s policy was a pragmatic response to the 1 Why? 1. By May 1918, the country was in a state of distribution of electricity problems facing Russia in 1918.