An exegesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art and Design (MA&D) School of Art and Design 2014 Hannah Alleyne TRAVERSING MEMORY: THE LAST DAYS OF THE OLD MANGERE BRIDGE related outcomes. Firstly, the piece will attempt to stimulate recol- Abstract lections of the area, strengthening both individual and collective memory pathways, fostering old and new memories. Secondly, We rely very heavily on things, environments, or people exter- the installation intends to illustrate the temporality of both built nal from ourselves to preserve our own memories. Mnemonic structures and memory. reminders, whether they are visual, aural, olfactory, or tactile, rein- force our memories, strengthening neural pathways. The removal of reminders through the destruction or disintegration of an environment that might have scaffolded mental processing could very likely cause the destruction or disintegration of the memo- ries themselves. In his book, Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, Professor Marc Treib argues that built structures both hold and project memories.1 Pieces of architecture and infrastructure become repositories into which both deposits and withdrawals can be made. Treib sees the built environment as a memory bank for both individual and communal use. Auckland city’s Old Mangere Bridge, in the Manukau Harbour, is a mnemonic device that offers communities, as well as individu- als, an opportunity to recall and preserve memories of the area. As the bridge falls into disrepair and faces demolition, associated memories for communities and generations of people could well be lost. This thesis offers a spatial intervention that attempts to foster and retain memories long after the old bridge is gone. Through an iterative drawing practice and the collection of both individual and community memories of the Old Mangere Bridge, I intend to construct a site-specific spatial provocation with two memory 1 Marc Treib, “Yes, Now I Remember: An Introduction,” in Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape (New York; London: Routledge, 2009), x–xv. v Table of Contents List of Figures Abstract iv Figure I-1 Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1982. Gabbro rock. Reproduced from Steve Tatum, Flickr, https://flic.kr/p/8j883y List of Figures vii (accessed 15 March 2015). Acknowledgements xiv Figure I-2 Daniel Libeskind, Holocaust Tower, Jewish Museum, Berlin, 2001. Reproduced from Stefan-Xp, “Holocaustturm im Introduction 1 Jüdischen Museum innenansicht” Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Chapter 1. 9 Holocaustturm_im_J%C3%BCdischen_Museum_innenansicht. Repeating Connections: The History of the jpg#/media/File:Holocaustturm_im_J%C3%BCdischen_Museum_ Old Mangere Bridge innenansicht.jpg. (accessed 15 March 2015). Chapter 2. 21 Figure 1-1 Hannah Alleyne, Reproduction of George John’s Collecting Stories drawing of Uringutu and Ngaoho pa sites surrounding Manukau Harbour in early 18th century, 2013. Multiple media. Chapter 3. 35 Drawing A Mnemonic Device Figure 1-2 John (Dr) Johnson and Eliza Ann Hobson, The Ware of Te Whero Whero, Chief of the Waikato, Onahonga, 1843. Black ink Conclusion 74 and wash, 45mm x 80mm. Reproduced from Alexander Turnbull Library, Ref: E-216-f-174-1, http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23118280 Addendum 78 (accessed 25 May 2014). Bibliography 84 Figure 1-3 Edward Ashworth, Oneunga Beach, Manukao Harbour, New Zealand, 1843. Pen and ink, 151mm x 155mm. Appendix A: Ethics Approval 89 Reproduced from Alexander Turnbull Library, Ref: A-208-001, http:// mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=12526 (accessed 29 April 2014). Appendix B: Shared Stories and Correspondence 90 Figure 1-4 James Stewart, Onehunga and Mangare sic Bridge, 1866. Manuscript map, 700mm x 1330mm. Reproduced from Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, NZ Map 1155, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz (accessed 29 April 2014). vi vii Figure 1-5 James D Richardson, Looking South from just West Figure 3-1 Hannah Alleyne, Mangere Mountain from Onehunga of Mangere Bridge showing Mangere...., c1914. Glass plate negative. in 1875, 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x 210mm.. Reproduced from Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, Ref: 4-8647, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz (accessed Figure 3-2 Hannah Alleyne, Mangere Mountain from Onehunga 29 April 2014). in 2013, 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x 210mm. Figure 1-6 W T Wilson, Opening the Second Bridge, 31 May Figure 3-3 Hannah Alleyne, View along the first Mangere Bridge 1915. Photograph. Reproduced from Manukau Research Library, towards Mangere in 1913, 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x Ref: MGE: I, 3, no. 27, Footprints 01132, http://manukau.infospecs. 210mm. co.nz (accessed 29 April 2014). Figure 3-4 Hannah Alleyne, View along the Old Mangere Bridge Figure 1-7 Photographer unknown, The Bridge Over Troubled towards Mangere in 2013, 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x Water, May 1980. Black and white photograph, 140mm x 210mm.. 210mm. Reproduced from Manukau Research Library, Courier collection, box 9/22, Ref: Footprints 00280, http://manukau.infospecs.co.nz Figure 3-5 Hannah Alleyne, Mangere Motorway Bridge in 1980, (accessed 29 April 2014). 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x 210mm. Figure 1-8 Photographer unknown, Old Mangere bridge ca Figure 3-6 Hannah Alleyne, Mangere Motorway Bridge in 2013, 1980, c1980. Black and white photograph, 130mm x 180mm. 2013. Graphite on paper, 297mm x 210mm. Reproduced from Manukau Research Library, MGE: I, 3, no. 54, Ref: Footprints 01142, http://manukau.infospecs.co.nz (accessed Figure 3-7 Julianna Satchell-Deo, Hannah Alleyne drawing large- 29 April 2014). scale project image, 2013. Digital photograph. Figure 1-9 Hannah Alleyne, North-west detail of Old Mangere Figure 3-8 Hannah Alleyne, Old Mangere Bridge with Bailey Bridge, 2014. Digital photograph. Bridge in 1980, 2013. Graphite on paper, 1240mm x 840mm. Figure 1-10 Hannah Alleyne, Mangere Bridge highlighed within Figure 3-9 Hannah Alleyne, Looking south along the Old surrounding Auckland Local Boards, 2013. Multiple media. Mangere Bridge in 2013, 2013. Graphite on paper, 1440mm x 840mm. Figure 2-1 Hannah Alleyne, Page from Guest Book, 2013-2014. Pencil and ink on paper, 297mm x 150mm.. Figure 3-10 Hannah Alleyne, Old Mangere Bridge from Onehunga Wharf in 1945, 2013. Graphite on paper, 1235mm x 840mm. Figure 2-2 Helen de Faria-Johns, Hannah Alleyne hanging memory-collection posters, 2014. Digital photograph. viii ix Figure 3-11 Hannah Alleyne, Old Mangere Bridge from under Figure 3-22 Hannah Alleyne, Aerial view of relationship between the new Mangere Motorway Bridge in 2013, 2013. Graphite on mangroves and between Mangere Bridges, 2014. Graphite on paper, paper, 1505mm x 840mm. 420mm x 297mm. Figure 3-12 Hannah Alleyne, The first Mangere Bridge in 1913, Figure 3-23 Hannah Alleyne, A child’s view in 1978 from the 2013. Graphite on paper, 1220mm x 840mm. Old Mangere Bridge, 2014. Graphite on paper, 420mm x 297mm. Figure 3-13 Hannah Alleyne, Looking toward Onehunga Wharf Figure 3-24 Hannah Alleyne, Drawing on Old Mangere Bridge, across the Old Mangere Bridge in 2013, 2013. Graphite on paper, 2014. Charcoal on concrete. 1265mm x 840mm. Figure 3-25 Hannah Alleyne, Detail of drawing on Old Mangere Figure 3-14 & 3-15 Rietveld Landscapes, Pretty Vacant, Bridge, 2014. Charcoal on concrete. 2013. Foam. Reproduced from Dezeen, http://www.dezeen. com/2013/05/28/pretty-vacant-by-rietveld-landscape/ (accessed Figure 3-26 Hannah Alleyne, Drawing on Old Mangere Bridge, 20 August 2013) 2014. Chalk on concrete. Figure 3-16 & 3-17 Chad Wright, Master Plan, 2013. Sand. Figure 3-27 Hannah Alleyne, Detail of drawing on Old Mangere Reproduced from Dezeen, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/06/20/ Bridge, 2014. Chalk on concrete. master-plan-sandcastles-by-chad-wright/ (accessed 20 August 2013) Figure 3-28 & 3-29 Hannah Alleyne, Drawing into concrete, 2013. Concrete, 300 x 300mm. Figure 3-18 & 3-19 Tokujin Yoshioka, The Snow, 2010. Feathers and glass. Reproduced from Dezeen, http://www.dezeen. Figure 3-30 Hannah Alleyne, Preserved objects, 2014. Found com/2010/07/26/the-snow-by-tokujin-yoshioka/ (accessed 20 objects, resin, glass, 70 x 15mm each. August 2013) Figure 3-31 & 3-32 Hannah Alleyne, Conceptual drawings, 2014. Figure 3-20 Hannah Alleyne, Prevailing sou’wester over harbour, Multimedia. land, and Mangere Bridges, 2014. Graphite on paper, 420mm x 297mm. Figure 3-33 Hannah Alleyne, Initial testing of copper as a suit- able material for installation, 2014. Copper, 117mm diameter. Figure 3-21 Hannah Alleyne, Aerial view of mangroves between Mangere Bridges, 2014. Graphite on paper, 420mm x 297mm. Figure 3-34 & 3-35 Hannah Alleyne, Initial testing of copper as a suitable material for installation, 2014. Copper, 165mm diameter. x xi Figure 3-36 & 3-37 Hannah Alleyne, Test drawings with heat, I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, 2014. Copper, 350mm diameter. to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where Figure 3-38 to 3-41 Hannah Alleyne, Material testing in situ, explicitly defined in the acknowledgements), nor material which 2014. Copper. to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of Figure 3-42 to 3-53 Hannah Alleyne, Conceptual drawing, 2014. higher learning. Pencil and ink on paper, 210mm x 297mm. Figure A-1 to A3 Hannah Alleyne, Traversing Memory, 2014. Brass. 6 October 2014 xii xiii Dr Peggy Fairbairn-Dunlop and other staff and students from the Acknowledgements Pasifika Writing Retreats, you accepted me into your group and gave me permission to write with my own voice. Fa’afetai tele. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors and mentors Dr Susan Hedges, Dr Janine Randerson, and Carl Doulgas.