European Polygraph PUBLISHED QUARTERLY Volume 13 2019 Number 3 (49) Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University European Polygraph Journal of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University European Polygraph is an international journal devoted to the publication of original investigations, observations, scholarly inquiries, and book reviews on the subject of pol- ygraph examinations. These include jurisprudence, forensic sciences, psychology, forensic psychology, psychophysi- ology, psychopathology, and other aspects of polygraph examinations. Opinions expressed in articles and book reviews published in European Polygraph solely reflect the experience and expertise of their respective Authors and Reviewers. Their publication does not imply any form of endorsement on be- half the Editors and Publishers who provide space for the presentation of, often contradictory, views and discussion of positions. Editorial Board Sergei Aleskovskyi (Almaty, Kazakhstan) Tuvya T. Amsel (Tel Aviv, Israel) Avital Ginton (Tel Aviv, Israel) Don Grubin (Newcastle, United Kingdom) Charles R. Honts (Boise, United States) Frank S. Horvath (East Lansing, United States) Publisher Council Donald Krapohl (Fort Jackson, United States) of the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski James Matte (Williamsville, USA) Krakow University Alexandr B. Pielenicyn (Moscow, Russia) Klemens Budzowski Jerzy Pobocha (Szczecin, Poland) Maria Kapiszewska David C. Raskin (Homer AK, USA) Zbigniew Maciąg Tuvia Shurany (Jerusalem, Israel) Jacek M. Majchrowski Gintaras Švedas (Vilnius, Lithuania) Igor Usikov (Kiev, Ukraine) Jennifer M.C. Vendemia (Columbia, United States) Jan Widacki (Krakow, Poland) Copyright© by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Daniel T. Wilcox (Birmingham, United Kingdom) Krakow University Krakow 2019 Editor-in-Chief Jan Widacki [email protected] Associate Editor Anna Szuba-Boroń e-ISSN 2380-0550 Office ul. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1C; ISSN 1898-5238 30-705 Kraków (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] European Polygraph offers open access to all www.polygraph.pl its issues: Language Editor Martin Cahn http://www.polygraph.pl https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ep Statistics Editor Tadeusz Stanisz The original of European Polygraph Cover design Joanna Sroka, Oleg Aleksejczuk is its electronic version. EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH Volume 13 • 2019 • Number 3 (49) UDO UNDEUTSCH* Contents 〓 Dear Readers ..............................................................................................117 The actual use of investigative Articlesphysiopsychological examinations in Germany 〓 Jan Widacki: A empts at Lie Detec on Based on Scien fi c Premises on the End of 19 Century and in the First Half of the 20 Century................121 〓 Tuvya Amsel: Plan ng the Seeds of Polygraph’s Prac ce. A Brief Historical review ..............................................................................141 Book review 〓 J.W.: Uskikov I.P., Tschernenko R.V., Komponienty formirovania voprosov sravnieniya. Sbornik spietsialnih voprosov, Kyiv 2019. [Components for phrasing control ques ons], in Russian; 102 pp. ...................................157 116 CONTENTS Report Discussions, polemics 〓 Marcin Gołaszewski: Report from the 54th Seminar of the American Polygraph Associa on .................................................................................161 〓 Certifi cate Impact Factor .....................................................................................167 〓 The Basic Information for Authors ...................................................................169 〓 Rules and regulations concerning publishing papers in European Polygraph .........................................................................................171 〓 Ordering Information .............................................................................................173 EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH Volume 13 • 2019 • Number 3 (49) UDO UNDEUTSCH* Dear Readers, the year 2020 will be the jubilee year marking the centennial of the fi rst practical use of polygraph. Although irregular instances of using instrumental lie detection for criminological purposes had occurred before, it was only the use of polygraph examinationsThe actual by John A.use Larson of to determine investigative the perpetrator of theft s in 1920 that initiatedphysiopsychological the regular practice of using the polygraph. examinations Th e Editorial Board of European Polygraph announces the year 2020 the year of John A.in Larson. Germany To commemorate that anniversary and the memory of John A. Larson, we announce a competition for an article devoted to the pioneer of polygraph research. Selected by the Editorial Board, the best article will be published in European Polygraph. Th e deadline for submissions is the end of February 2020. At the same time, following the idea of our author and regular columnist, Tuvya Amsel PhD, we turned to a group of persons of great merit in polygraph examinations, both academics and practitioners from all over the world, to answer two questions: 1. Suppose you were a polygraph examiner already in the early years of the profession, when the practice was evolving please, outline the foremost changes you have witnessed in the last 100 years. 2. Please, disregard technical instrumental development due to the fact that those were basically developed by out of polygraph professionals and were later harnessed to the polygraph needs. All the answers submitted by the end of January 2020, will be published in the following issue of European Polygraph. 118 DEAR READERS We would like to inform our readers and authors that beginning with 2020, European Polygraph will be published semi-annually. Th e annual volume of our journal will not change, only that instead of quarterly it will now be published semi-annually. We encourage all our readers to publish their works in European Polygraph and kindly ask members of the Editorial Board to promote our journal in their milieus and encourage publication of both experimental studies and descriptions of interesting practical cases. We also request reviews and bibliographic notes on books on polygraph examinations, and reports from conferences and symposia on the subject. European Polygraph belongs to all of us. Th e journal is indexed in several dozens of databases and carries an Impact Factor of 0.63. Professor Jan Widacki Editor-in-Chief of European Polygraph Articles EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH Volume 13 • 2019 • Number 3 (49) DOI: 10.2478/ep-2019-0009 UDO UNDEUTSCH* Jan Widacki* Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland Attempts at Lie Detection Based onThe Scientifi actual c usePremises of investigative on the End of 19 Century andphysiopsychological in the First Half of the examinations 20 Century Попыткиin Germany выявление лжи на основе научных предпосылок в конце XIX – первой половине XX века Key words: history of lie detection, scientifi c basis of lie detection 1. The word associated test In 1892, in the psychological conference, Hugo Mü nsterberg expressed the belief that it is not a lie that is detected, but the emotions that accompany it (Burtt 1965). Th e Word Association Test proves that the reactions accompanying a lie consist not only of emotions but also a certain intellectual eff ort, necessary on behalf of the lying per- son. It goes without saying and is supported by Trovillo (Trovillo 1938/39) that the fi rst to have described the essence of a test using word associations was Francis Galton (1822–1911) in 1879 (Galton 1879). Later some other researchers, notably Wilhelm Wundt, Max Wertheimer, and Melanie Klein, but also Carl Jung, conducted experi- ments with the test and tried to use it to justify their theories and hypotheses (as ex- * [email protected] © year of fi rst publica on Author(s). This is an open access ar cle distributed under the Crea ve Commons A ribu on-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license h p://crea vecommons.Org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ 122 JAN WIDACKI plained below). Th e assumptions of the word association test are as follows: there is someone suspected of having assaulted a woman in a park, snatching her handbag and terrorising her with a knife, and now denies it, claiming that he not only made no as- sault but moreover knows no circumstances of the event. A special list of clues that in- clude such words as “knife”, “park”, and “handbag” is draft ed for him. Th en the suspect is instructed that as the list will be read out to the suspect, who is supposed to answer immediately with the fi rst word that comes to mind on hearing it. Reading the cues one by one, the experimenters measure the time aft er which the subject uttered the word associated with the cue. In advanced laboratory experiments, both of the researcher and the subject spoke to the so-called sound key, in which the airwave produced by the utterance broke an electric circuit, and the sound key was connected to a timer. In more primitive cases, time was measured with a stopwatch. It was assumed that on hearing “the critical words” (in this case, “knife”, “park”, and “handbag”) the person who lies saying that he or she does not know the details of the event will take a longer time to build associations than in the case of the remaining cues. Th at extension of the reaction time is caused by the subject’s self-control, as they control themselves so as not to “spill” some information. Briefl y speaking, in case of the critical queues, a liar (deceptive per- son hiding information) is forced to a greater intellectual eff ort, which fi rstly extends the time of response in a way automatically, and secondly