RADP Review Final Report: 19 December 2003 Republic of Botswana Report on the Review of the Remote Area Development Programme (RADP) Prepared for the Ministry of Local Government By Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis 19 December 2003 i RADP Review Final Report: 19 December 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations and Acronyms......................................................................................... vii List of Tables, Figure and Map ..................................................................................... viii Executive Summary............................................................................................................. ix A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ ix B. Overall Theme of the Review ............................................................................................. x C. The International Perspective ........................................................................................... xi D. The Objectives and Target Group of the RADP ............................................................ xii E. Land Use and Land Rights..............................................................................................xiii F. The Central Kalahari Game Reserve ............................................................................. xiv G. Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods ................................................................................ xvi H. The Economic Promotion Fund (EPF).......................................................................... xvii I. Education ........................................................................................................................xviii J. Health and HIV/AIDS...................................................................................................... xix K. Structure, Coordination and Implementation............................................................... xix L. Effectiveness of Extension Services................................................................................. xxi M. Community Organisations and Leadership .............................................................. xxi 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 A. Purpose of the Review......................................................................................................... 1 B. Comments on the Terms of Reference .............................................................................. 1 C. Objectives of the Review..................................................................................................... 4 D. Approach and Methodology............................................................................................... 4 i. National Level....................................................................................................................................5 ii. District level .......................................................................................................................................5 iii. Community Level ..............................................................................................................................5 iv. Data Collection Methods ...................................................................................................................6 v. Sample Areas .....................................................................................................................................6 E. Organisation of the report.................................................................................................. 6 2 Background to the RADP............................................................................................. 7 A. History of the RADP ........................................................................................................... 7 B. Previous Reviews of the RADP .......................................................................................... 8 i. Evaluation of the RADP (Egner, 1981).............................................................................................8 ii. Review of NORAD’s Support of the RADP (1991).........................................................................9 iii. Internal Draft Review of the Remote Area Dweller Development Programme (1997).................11 3 International Perspectives.......................................................................................... 12 A. Overview ............................................................................................................................ 12 B. The Issues........................................................................................................................... 13 C. Measures for Supporting Sustainable Development...................................................... 14 ii RADP Review Final Report: 19 December 2003 D. The Malaysian Experience ............................................................................................... 14 i. Background...................................................................................................................................... 14 ii. Land Issues ...................................................................................................................................... 15 iii. Culture ............................................................................................................................................. 15 iv. Livelihoods...................................................................................................................................... 15 v. Education......................................................................................................................................... 16 E. The Australian Experience............................................................................................... 16 i. Background...................................................................................................................................... 16 ii. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission........................................................................ 17 iii. Economic independence and livelihoods........................................................................................ 17 iv. Culture ............................................................................................................................................. 18 v. Law and Justice ............................................................................................................................... 18 vi. Land ................................................................................................................................................. 18 F. Relevance of the International Experiences to Botswana’s RADP............................... 19 4 Implications of Existing Policies to the RADP.......................................................... 21 A. Introduction – Poverty in Remote Areas ........................................................................ 21 i. Spatial dimension ............................................................................................................................ 21 ii. Undeveloped markets and Market failure....................................................................................... 21 iii. Social infrastructure ........................................................................................................................ 22 iv. Limited access to land and natural resources ................................................................................. 22 v. Institutional representation.............................................................................................................. 23 vi. The role of migration....................................................................................................................... 23 B. Botswana National Settlement Policy (NSP), 1998......................................................... 24 C. Implications of the NSP for the RADP............................................................................ 26 D. Revised National Policy for Rural Development (2002) ................................................ 40 i. Livelihoods...................................................................................................................................... 40 ii. Land and Natural Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 iii. Social Protection.............................................................................................................................. 41 iv. Capacity Building............................................................................................................................ 41 E. National Poverty Reduction Strategy (Draft)................................................................. 42 i. Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 42 ii. Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) ....................................................