Cambridge University Press 0521640482 - Icy Worlds of the Solar System Edited by Pat Dasch Index More information Index Accretion 130, 173 Asteroid Belt 110, 118 Callisto (satellite of Africa 7 Atmospheres 62, 64, Jupiter) 110, Age dating 84, 149--50 67, comets as 115--16, 117, 120, Alaska 92 major source of liquid water ocean Albedo 15, 16 atmospheres of may lie beneath Maps of Mercury 34, inner planets 67, several hundred 40, 41, 42--3 72, affect of kilometers of icy Pluto and Charon impact erosion on crust 121, Galileo 157, 159 a. of Mars 74, 75, mission findings South Polar Cap of 76, 178 129--30, surface Triton 161 Pluto 140, bound very heavily Alps 21 atmosphere on cratered 150 Antarctica 14, 18, 21, Pluto 141, 155, 156, Canada 18, 92, 113 22, 26, 29, 32, 80, 158, 159, 161, 162, Canali (martian canals 92, 108 will Pluto’s or channels) 79 Antarctic ice sheet 6, atmosphere Cantaloupe terrain 11, 120, formation disappear? 163 (on Triton) 133 12--14 million years Martian atmosphere Carbonaceous ago 9, 13, 17, 18, 80, 81, 85, 89, 92, chondrites 118 32, 83 93, 104 Cassini, Giovanni Apollo (program) 51 Titan 115, 130, Domenico, Italian Arecibo Observatory 38 131--2 astronomer Radar observations Triton 112, 151, 152, 1625--1712 117 of Mercury 41, 42, 153, 154, 161 Cassini (mission) 110, 44 Australia 7 117, 132, 135, Radar observations 138 of polar regions on Bar-Nun, Akiva 68, 75, Centaur 186, 187 the Moon 52 76 Ceres (largest known Arctic ice sheets 32 Basal sliding 26 asteroid, diameter Ariel (satellite of BepiColombo (mission) 912 km) 141 Uranus) 120, 134, 58, 59 Chao Meng-Fu (crater 136, 137 Bernstein, Max 176 on Mercury) 15 Arizona, University of Big Bang 173 Chaotic terrain 74 Blue ice 31 (on Mars) 95 Asteroid 137, 139, 140, Borelly (comet) (on Europa) 123 142, 168, 180 188 Chapman, Clark 34 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521640482 - Icy Worlds of the Solar System Edited by Pat Dasch Index More information Index 191 Charon (satellite of source of grains in 68, 78, Pluto) 115, largest atmospheres of 170 satellite in solar the inner planets Whipple recognized system relative to 60, 71, D/H ratio typical nucleus is its primary 141, in 60, bombardment very small; 1--2 km 3:2 resonance with of Earth 74, 75, 76, in diameter 170, Neptune 144, 114, 116, 117, 137, 174, 175 discovered 1978 Oort Cloud, source Continental shelf 11 156, 157, 185 of long-period Corona (on Miranda) Christy, James 156 comets 142, 168, 136, 137 CHON 181, 187 delivered volatiles Cosmic rays 33, 93, 177 Churyumov/Gerasimenko and stuff of life to Cratered terrain (comet) 76, 78, 189 Earth in first half (on Mars) 82 Circumplanetary billion years of the Crevasses 26 nebula 117 planet 168, 170, Cryosphere 17, 92, 106 Clementine (mission) 172, 173, 174, 177, Cryptoendolithic 53, 54, 57 formation at lichens 108 Climate change 21--2, exceedingly low 83, 96--7, 103, temperatures Deep Impact (mission) 108 characteristic of 189 Climatic events interstellar Deep Space 1 (mission) Cooling of Earth medium 177, 178, 188 2.3 billion years 179, comets Deep Space Network ago 8, 15, 33, delivered about 37, 54 seasonal changes 15% of Earth’s Diagenetic zones 23 on Mars 86, 89, water 179, 180, Diapirs 124, 133 current climate on 181, 182, 183, Dione (satellite of Mars 92, clues to Kuiper Belt, source Saturn) Evidence martian climate of short period of past volcanism history 104 comets 184, 187, 21, 118, Coded Long Pulse 188, 189 interactions with technique 38 Comet coma 170, 174, Enceladus 137, 138 Coherent backscatter 175, 178, 180, 187 Dirty snowballs (radar reflectivity) Comet dust 180, 181 (Whipple concept 41 Comet showers 184 of comets, 1950) Comet Comet tail 170, 178, 170, 176 Short period 180, 187 Discovery program 54 comets (Mercury- Cometary nucleus 68 Drumlins 29 crossing comets) Temperature of Dust storms (on Mars) 48, 56, major formation of ice 84, 90 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521640482 - Icy Worlds of the Solar System Edited by Pat Dasch Index More information 192 Index Early bombardment 74 Earth 130, 147, ongoing volcanic Earth 6, 7, the ‘‘water 149, 159, comets activity 110, 119, planet” 8, lack of brought matter of liquid water layer evidence for ice life and means to up to 100 km thick during early extinguish life to may lie just a few history of 8, Earth 168, kilometers below percentage of extinction of icy surface 111, water currently dinosaurs caused 121, 122--3, 124, frozen 9, present by comet or 125, 140, young climate on 9, orbit asteroid impact surface the result 12, climate 168, 178, about of orbital change on 21, 26, 15%ofEarth’s resonance with 29,30, water could have Jupiter 150 comparisons with come from comets Europe 9, 12 Mercury 33, 34, 36, 179, next return of European Space 38, 41, 43, 46, 50, Comet Halley to Agency (ESA) 58, 57, origin of Earth 2061 184 76, 189 atmosphere and Earth-based Exosphere oceans 60, observations 58 On Mercury 34 Atmosphere 61, 62, Of Mars 79 Planetary 60 64, and origin of Earth--Moon system 57 Extrasolar giant life 61, 64, 65--6, Edgeworth, Kenneth planets 36 67, cometary 140, 184 contribution to Edgeworth--Kuiper Belt Facies 23, 24 atmosphere 67, 69, 139 Firn 21 71, 75, 76, 43, Elias 18 (star) 177 Flagstaff, Arizona 79 composition of Eskers 29 Flowstripes 26 water 73--4, 78, Enceladus (satellite of Frost (on Mars) 80, 85, presence of Saturn) 86, (on Triton) meteorites from Possible ongoing 133--4 Mars 74, volcanic activity Frozen in time comparisons with 118, 120, 134, 135, (outer solar system Mars 79, 83, 85, 137 bodies offer 86, 91, 92, 94, 100, Europa (satellite of opportunity to 103, 104, 105, clues Jupiter) 110, study primitive to origin of life on surface covered by environments) 64 Earth from Mars water layer 113, 109, 114, 119, 122, 116, salty ocean Galileo Galilei, Italian 125, 127, Titan beneath icy crust astronomer compared to early 116, possible 1564--1642 110 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521640482 - Icy Worlds of the Solar System Edited by Pat Dasch Index More information Index 193 Galileo (mission) 110, geologically; Greenhouse gases 7, 8, 111, 116 composed more 64, 108 NIMS infrared than 50% of water instrument 116 121, Galileo Hale-Bopp (comet) 73, Magnetometer data mission findings 78, 142, 170, 173, 121 126--9, 150 174, 176, 178, 179, Europa liquid water Gamma ray 180, 183, 187 ocean data 123, spectrometer Halley (comet) 68, 73, 124, 127 On Lunar Prospector 78, 168, 170, 176, Galileo entry probe spacecraft 54 178, 181, 184, 189 69--71 On Messenger and Hayakutake (comet) 73, Galilean satellites BepiColombo 78, 179, 183 (Io, Europa, spacecraft 58 Himalayas 41 Ganymede, On Mars Odyssey Hubble Space Telescope Callisto) 112, spacecraft 93 132 abundant water Gas giant planets 61, Human exploration 109 ice on surfaces of 62, 64, 70, 71, 140, Human habitation all but Io 113, tidal 145 On Mercury 36 heating and Geyers (in the outer On the Moon 57 geologic history solar system) 115, On Mars 81, 105, 119, 121, density (on Triton), 138 107--8 decreases moving Giotto (mission) 73, out from Jupiter 181 Iapetus (satellite of and water content Glacial periods 9, 11, Saturn) 117, 137, increases 121, 13, last on Earth 6, 138 geological 11, 12 Ice Age, the last on complexity Glacial valleys 29 Earth 29, 104, increases toward Glaciation event (first 118 Jupiter 121 on Earth) 8 Iceberg 11, 24, 29 Ganymede (satellite of Gondwanaland 9 Ice-cores, in Antarctica Jupiter) 114, 115, Gravitational field 21, 22, 50, 94 116, 117, evidence Role in composition Ice sheets (on Earth) 7, of past volcanism of planetary 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 118, 119--20, liquid atmospheres 60, 61 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, ocean may lie Greenland 18, 21, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, beneath several 41 32 hundred Greenland ice sheet 6 Comparison of ice kilometers of icy Ice cores from 11, 83 sheets on Earth crust 157, Greenhouse effect 8, with ice deposits relatively inactive 64, 89 on Mars 83 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521640482 - Icy Worlds of the Solar System Edited by Pat Dasch Index More information 194 Index Ice lenses 94 comets 172, surface amongst Ice rise 29 interstellar gas outer solar system Ice rumples 29 173, interstellar satellites 150, Icy planetesimals 67, ices 176, young surface the 69, 72 interstellar gases result of orbital Impact craters 67, 74, identified in resonance with 79, 84, 90, lobate comets Hyakutake Jupiter 150 craters give and Hale-Bopp 184, Isochrones 23 appearance of deuterium content meteor striking of comets confirms Jet Propulsion mud116,118,124, they consist of Laboratory 37 on Callisto 129, on material frozen Jewitt, David 180, Triton 133, 149, on initially in the 185 Iapetus 138, interstellar cloud Jokobshavn Isbrae 26 ubiquitous feature 179, 187 Jovian satellites on most solid Interstellar medium Complexities surfaced bodies in 52, 172, 178, study revealed by Galileo the solar system of comets Halley mission 111 149, cosmic and Hale-Bopp Tidal configurations impacts implicated consistent with 130 in mass extinction formation in the Smaller moons of species on Earth interstellar display heavily 250 million years medium 178 cratered, ancient ago 168, extinction Institute of Space and surfaces 150 of the dinosaurs Astronautical Large moons display 65 mya 168 Science, Japan variety of crater Impact erosion 74 (ISAS) 58 densities 150 Indonesia 7 Io (satellite of Jupiter) Jupiter 41, atmosphere Inner solar system 36, Discovery of 60, 61, formation