Red River Basin Water Conservation for Residential, Municipal, Commercial, and Industrial Needs March 2010 Prepared for: The Red River Basin Commission Prepared By: 701 Xenia Ave South Suite 600 Minneapolis, MN 55416-3636 HDR Project Number: 0164-116743 This report was prepared as a result of work sponsored, paid for, in whole or in part by the Red River Basin Commission and its funding partners. Red River Basin Water Conservation for Residential, Municipal, Commercial, and Industrial Needs - March 2010 pw://PWAPPOMA001:NorthCentral_Omaha/Documents/D{df463e3c-4c29-4a9e-80a0-30fe98954a5f} Acknowledgements The authors thank the members of the Red River Basin Commission Water Supply Working Group for constructive comments and guidance in developing this document. These members include: Member Organization1 Bruce Grubb City of Fargo Hazel Sletten City of Grand Forks Cliff McLain City of Moorhead Duane Griffin City of Winnipeg Bob Harrison Manitoba Water Stewardship Abul Kashem Manitoba Water Stewardship Bob Bezek Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Bob White North Dakota State Water Commission Gordon Martel Pembina Valley Water Cooperative 1 Contributions of the respective Working Group Member does not constitute acceptance of this document by the sponsoring organization. Red River Basin Water Conservation for Residential, Municipal, Commercial, and Industrial Needs - March 2010 pw://PWAPPOMA001:NorthCentral_Omaha/Documents/D{df463e3c-4c29-4a9e-80a0-30fe98954a5f} ii Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................. 11 2. Basin Characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Sources of Water ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Demographics ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.1. Pembina Valley Water Cooperative (MB) ........................................................................... 22 2.2.2. City of Selkirk (MB) .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.3. City of Breckenridge (MN) ................................................................................................... 23 2.2.4. City of Crookston (MN) ....................................................................................................... 25 2.2.5. City of Detroit Lakes (MN) ................................................................................................... 27 2.2.6. City of East Grand Forks (MN) ............................................................................................. 29 2.2.7. City of Fergus Falls (MN) ..................................................................................................... 31 2.2.8. City of Moorhead (MN) ....................................................................................................... 33 2.2.9. City of Pelican Rapids (MN) ................................................................................................. 35 2.2.10. City of Perham (MN) ........................................................................................................... 37 2.2.11. City of Thief River Falls (MN) ............................................................................................... 39 2.2.12. City of Fargo (ND) ................................................................................................................ 41 2.2.13. City of Grand Forks (ND) ..................................................................................................... 43 2.2.14. City of Harvey (ND).............................................................................................................. 45 2.2.15. City of Valley City (ND) ........................................................................................................ 47 2.2.16. City of West Fargo (ND) ...................................................................................................... 49 2.3. Summary of Census Information ................................................................................................ 51 3. Analysis of Historical and Projected Water Demand .......................................................................... 54 3.1. Historical Water Use ................................................................................................................... 54 3.1.1. Pembina Valley Water Cooperative Water Use (MB) ......................................................... 55 3.1.2. City of Selkirk Water Use (MB) ............................................................................................ 56 3.1.3. City of Breckenridge (MN) ................................................................................................... 57 3.1.4. City of Crookston (MB) ........................................................................................................ 58 3.1.5. City of Detroit Lakes (MN) ................................................................................................... 59 Red River Basin Water Conservation for Residential, Municipal, Commercial, and Industrial Needs - March 2010 pw://PWAPPOMA001:NorthCentral_Omaha/Documents/D{df463e3c-4c29-4a9e-80a0-30fe98954a5f} iii 3.1.6. City of East Grand Forks (MN) ............................................................................................. 60 3.1.7. City of Fergus Falls (MN) ..................................................................................................... 61 3.1.8. City of Moorhead (MN) ....................................................................................................... 62 3.1.9. City of Pelican Rapids (MN) ................................................................................................. 63 3.1.10. City of Perham (MN) ........................................................................................................... 64 3.1.11. City of Thief River Falls (MN) ............................................................................................... 65 3.1.12. City of Fargo (ND) ................................................................................................................ 66 3.1.13. City of Grand Forks (ND) ..................................................................................................... 67 3.1.14. City of Harvey (ND).............................................................................................................. 70 3.1.15. City of Valley City (ND) ........................................................................................................ 71 3.1.16. City of West Fargo (ND) ...................................................................................................... 72 3.2. Potential Annual and Peak Month Water Use During Historic Droughts ................................... 73 3.3. Analysis of Water Use by Customer Group ................................................................................. 75 4. Evaluation of Water Conservation Measures ..................................................................................... 77 4.1. Residential Conservation ............................................................................................................ 77 4.1.1. Indoor Water Uses .............................................................................................................. 77 4.1.2. Low Flow Fixtures and Appliances ...................................................................................... 77 4.1.3. Leak and Energy Loss Prevention ........................................................................................ 80 4.1.4. Residential Landscaping Water Uses .................................................................................. 82 4.2. Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Conservation ............................................................. 83 4.3. Distribution and Transmission System Loss Prevention ............................................................. 84 4.4. Other Approaches ....................................................................................................................... 85 4.5. Representative Communities Conservation Potentials .............................................................. 86 4.5.1. Full Community Participation ............................................................................................. 88 4.5.2. Partial Community Participation ......................................................................................... 91 4.6. Factors Influencing Conservation Program Participation ........................................................... 95 5. Summary and Recommendations for Jurisdictional Consideration .................................................. 100 References ................................................................................................................................................ 103 Appendix A. Water Conservation Calculation Worksheets .....................................................................