mmm imm ^ \\ -f-- SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 100 PHE RUINS AT KIATUTHLANNA EASTERN ARIZONA BY FRANK H. IL ROBERTS, Jr. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 100 THE RUINS AT KIATUTHLANNA EASTERN ARIZONA BY FRANK H. H. ROBERTS, Jr. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1931 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - Price 65 cents LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, Septemher 10, 1930, Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "The Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, Eastern Arizona," by Frank H. H. Roberts, jr., and to recommend its publication as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stirling, CUef, Dr. Charles G. Abbot, Secretm'y of the SmitJisonia/n Institution, XQ CONTENTS ~ Page Foreword ^ Introduction * House remains l^ Pit houses ^^ 19 Group No. 1 Group No. 2 43 Group No. 3 59 Group No. 4 "^7 Isolated pit houses 83 Jacal structures "" The pueblo ruin ^0 House type summary and conclusions 109 Minor objects of material culture 113 Pottery 11* Designs on the painted pottery 130 Additional pottery objects 149 Basketry l^^ Bonework 1^0 Stone objects 1^3 Objects of shell 1^0 Minor objects, summary and conclusions 163 ^"° Human burials General summary and conclusions 1*1 Appendix 1'' 177 Table 1. Room measurements in the pueblo ruin figures.-- 178 Table 2. Size and provenience of objects illustrated in text 179 Table 3. Size and provenience of objects illustrated in plates Bibliography 1^3 Index 1^7 V ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Page Map of region showing location of the Long H Ranch, Kiatuthlanna, and ruins excavated viii Scenes in vicinity of ruins, a, View of region to the south, h, One of the petrified logs, c, The Red Lake, d, The Green Lake 6 The Group 1 house cluster, a, Looking across B toward C and D. 6, House D in foreground, C and B in rear, c, House A, Group l._ 6 House remains, a, House B, Group 1. 6, House C, Group 1. c, House D, Group 1 32 House remains, a. House B, Group 2. 6, House C, Group 2. c, House B, Group 3 32 Pit houses, a, House D, Group 3. 6, House E, Group 3. c, House B, Group 4 78 Details in pueblo, a, Pit dwelling beneath walls of ruin. 6, Venti- lator side of kiva B 78 Constructional features in pueblo, o. Fire pit and trench in floor of kiva B. 6, Ventilator recess in kiva C. c, Wall built on d6bris of accumulation 100 Walls in pueblo ruin, a, Foundations on debris in room 6. h, Bottom of stone wall resting on fill in kiva A. c, Example of masonry construction 100 Pueblo views, a, Row of rooms with connecting doorways, h. Bench and one of pilasters in kiva D. c. Ventilator and recess, kiva D 106 Culinary vessels from the pit houses 106 Corrugated culinary jars from the pueblo 126 Black-on-white seed jars and canteen from the pit houses 126 Pitchers and canteen, black-on-white wares, from the pueblo 126 Pitchers from the pit houses 126 Black-on-red ware vessels from the pueblo 130 Bowls from the pit houses 130 Ladles of black-on-white group from pit houses 130 Pit-house bowls with quartered plan of decoration 130 Black-on-white bowl designs, pit-house vessels 134 Decorations on black-on-white bowls from the pit dwelHngs 134 Black-on-white bowls from the pit houses :ii.Uafeu 134 Bowl interior, a to d, pit houses, e to /i, from the pueblo ^^L__ 134 Pottery smoothers made from vessel fragments 152 Bone awls, characteristic pit-house form *_ 152 Awls made from fortuitous splinters, pit-house implements 152 Pit-house tools showing only slight modification of the original bone. _ 152 Slender awls and bodkins from the pit dwellings 152 Bone awls and spatulate implement from the pueblo 152 Pueblo awls made from fortuitous splinters 152 VII .. VIII ILLUSTRATIONS Page 31. Bone scrapers from the pueblo 152 32. Typical milling stone 158 33. Stone axheads and mauls 158 34. Stone bowls 158 35. Miscellaneous objects of stone 158 36. Drills and knife blades from the pit houses 158 37. Knife blades and scraper from the pueblo 158 38. Pit-house spear points 158 39. Arrowheads 158 40. Stone pipes 158 4L Stone pendants from the pit houses 158 42. Shell pendants from the pit houses 158 43. Shell beads 158 44. Necklace of stone and shell beads 158 45. Necklace of shell beads 158 46. Bracelets of shell 162 47. Characteristic position of interment 162 TEXT FIGURES 1 Plan of central portion of house Group No. 1 22 2. Sections through houses in Group No. 1 27 3. Postulated method of superstructure construction for houses B and C, Group No. 1 28 4. Detail of superstructure construction in houses B and D, Group No. 1_ 28 5. Plan of house Group No. 2 44 6. Plan of house C, Group No. 2 50 7. Plan of house Group No. 3 60 8. House D, Group No. 3 68 9. House E, Group No. 3 72 10. House B, Group No. 4 jl^^lj^- 79 11. Plan of isolated small pit dwelling i_^_ 83 12. Plan of complete pueblo ruin 91 13. First unit built in pueblo structure 92 14. Plan of pueblo with second unit added 96 15. Third stage in growth of pueblo ; 99 16. Fourth stage of pueblo structure 101 17. Final stage in the pueblo building 102 18. Sections through various portions of the pueblo ruin 105 19. Jar shapes in black-on-white wares ^i>_'i^^^_'L__i*;._. • 124 __'" 20. Pitcher shapes, black-on-white wares .'_j>-L__ 126 2 1 Designs, black-on-white bowls of pit-house group 132 22. Examples of quartered designs from pit houses 134 23 Quartered and halved patterns, pit-house series 135 24. Pendent panel designs in pit-house decorations 137 25. Band designs and spiral pattern on pit-house pottery 140 26. Band designs on pit-house bowls 141 27. Bowl decorations showing figures in bottoms of vessels, pit-house wares 142 28. Designs on ladles from the pit-house horizon 143 29. Bowl decorations from the pueblo series 146 30. Styles of pitcher ornamentation in pueblo horizon 148 31. Carved shell armlet 162 BULLETIN 100 PLATE 1 ^i .. r"-^ X^"' ""^v ».-N«.~««.»«v*. { "> .f. < < IG H RANCH. KlATUTHLANNA, AND RUINS EXCAVATED BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 100 PLATE 1 AND RUINS EXCAVATED MAP OF THE REGION SHOWING LOCATION OF THE LONG H RANCH. KlATUTHLANNA, THE RUINS AT KIATUTHLANNA, EASTERN ARIZONA By Frank H, H. Roberts, Jr. FOREWORD The archeological investigations which furnished the data for the following report were conducted during the months from May to September, 1929, on the old Long H Ranch at the Twin Salt Lakes in Apache County, eastern Arizona. The ranch properties at the present time belong to the bondholders of the Tucker Livestock Co. Through the courtesy of Mr. B. C. McCabe, of Los Angeles, Calif., one of the principal bondholders, and Mr. Art Saunders, of Hol- brook, Ariz., trustee, permission was obtained to carry on the work. The writer is especially indebted to Mr. Saunders for his kindness in allowing the expedition to make its headquarters in the ranch buildings. He is also grateful to him for information on the early history of the ranch and that section of Arizona, Mr. Jean Allard Jeancon, formerly a special archeologist for the Bureau of American Ethnology, assisted the writer during the months of June, July, and August. Linda B. Roberts kept the field catalogue of specimens, aided in the repair of pottery and other objects obtained from the excavations, and assisted in the preparation of text figures illustrating pottery designs. Twelve Zuiii Indians were used as laborers. They not only performed their routine duties in a highly satisfactory manner but they contributed ethnological material through their songs and dances. Myths and legends re- garding the locality were obtained from several of the boys. These stories were confirmed and elaborated upon by a number of the older men from Zuili. The latter visited the diggings from time to time as work progressed and were keenly interested in all that was uncovered. The name Kiatuthlanna is the Zuiii designation for the locality and for that reason has been retained. It means the " Place of the Big Water." The Zuiii relate that it was one of the points where their ancestors tarried and built during the migration which led them from the scene of their origin to the site of the present village in western New Mexico. 1 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [edlj.. 100 INTRODUCTION Archeological work in the Southwest during the last 25 years has done much to retrieve the story of the unfolding of the aboriginal prehistoric sedentary cultures of the region. The stages repre- sented by the great communal houses and massive cliff dwellings are now well known. There are certain phases of the earlier hori- zons, however, which still remain to be investigated and others about which only meager information is available. It was in an effort to obtain additional data on the latter that the excavations at Kiatuthlanna were conducted. The present status of southwestern archeology was thoroughly reviewed in the introductions to two recent bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology.^ Therefore, a very brief summary will serve the requirements of this report. The area as a whole is a high and arid plateau which slopes away toward the south and west from the Rocky Mountains.