RICE UNIVERSITY Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Daniel: Literary Allusions in Daniel to Genesis and Ezekiel by Daewoong Kim A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: Matthias Henze (Chair), Watt^F. and Lilly G. Jackson Professor in Biblical Studies and Professor of Religious Studies, Founding Director of Program in Jewish Studies lJ£ ApriLBC DeConick, Isla Carroll and Percy E. Turner Professor of Biblical Studies and Professor of Religious Studies I Scott McGill, Associate Professor of Classics HOUSTON, TEXAS MAY 2013 ABSTRACT Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Daniel: Literary Allusions in Daniel to Genesis and Ezekiel by Daewoong Kim This dissertation investigates the use of biblical interpretation in the Book of Daniel. It demonstrates the spectrum in which Daniel uses older scriptural texts such as Genesis and Ezekiel in order to accomplish the theological concord with the earlier scriptural traditions of ancient Israel. Methodologically, the dissertation embraces the theory of literary allusion. The allusions in Daniel to Genesis 10-11 characterize Daniel as a literature of resistance to human imperialism. The motif of universal language, absolute dominion, symbolic construction for imperialism, collective power of human politics, and divine triumph over Babel, resurface to highlight the strong consonance between Genesis and Daniel. The allusions in Daniel to Ezekiel demonstrate that Ezekiel 1-3 is the greatest source of apocalyptic texts in Daniel 7 and 10-12. The anthropomorphic manifestation of God in Daniel’s apocalyptic vision harks back to that in Ezekiel’s prophetic vision. Both magnificent characters in Daniel 7 (the one like a son of man) and 10 (the heavenly revealer) are portrayed as liminal figures. The son of man figure alludes to the Glory of YHWH (Ezekiel 1), Israel (Daniel 7), the maskilim (Daniel 11-12), and Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1-3). The heavenly figure in Daniel 10 alludes to Ezekiel 1, evoking the Glory of YHWH (Ezekiel 1), the maskilim (Daniel 11-12), and the four cherubim (Ezekiel 1). The links between the maskilim and Prophet Ezekiel show how Daniel 10-12 reshapes Ezekiel 1-3 to portray the critical period under Antiochus IV Epiphanes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the scholars and friends. It has been my privileges to have Professor Matthias Henze as Doktorvater of my dissertation. I have always been marveled at his clarity of thought, his academic acumen, and his characteristic kindness even before I began my doctoral work at Rice University. I always have a deep appreciation for Dr. Henze’s high standards for my studies as well as true sympathy with my life as an international student. Dr. Henze graciously allowed me to explore my own project, leading and nurturing my scholarly interests in the broader range of Jewish scriptural texts in the Second Temple period. I am also grateful with the opportunity to work with my dissertation committee members, Professor April D. DeConick and Professor Scott McGill. I thank Mr. Wally Ford and Mrs. Ann Ford for their unfailing Christian love. I do not know how to express well my true appreciations to them. They have been with me and my family whenever we were struggling with unexpected difficulties in life. It is also my great happiness to have them as first readers who carefully read my writings and give me valuable suggestions. I offer special thanks to Professor Kyoung-Mi Kim, who walks in the way of the reader of the Bible. She has been a constant source of friendship and consolation. My thanks also go to Sister Jihye Lee and Brother Min-Su Lee. They remembered and helped me and my family. I thank Missionary Rev. Wha-Jah Lee, who unselfishly shared any valuables with me and my family. I owe my great thanks to Christ’s brothers and sisters in Hanmaeum Presbyterian Church at Houston. As I preached God’s words, I learned more from the truths of biblical texts than I taught them. The members of Christ’s body in Boondang Choongang Church in South Korea prayed that I would be a true scholar of the Korean Church, while providing me with generous financial supports. iv My deepest appreciation goes to my family. I know my parents prayed for me every day. My mother-in-law, Myoung-Hee Choi, and my brother in-law, Hyun-Seop Lee, took care of my family when I could not. My wife’s aunt, Heong-Hee Choi, supported us, as though doing her son and daughter. While I have lived as a graduate student during the past ten years, my wife Hyunju Lee has sacrificed her life for me and our kids. This dissertation would not have occurred without Hyunju. I thank our two daughters, Gaon and Karon, who have always been my closest friends whenever I really needed one. Above all, Deo Gratia. Rice University, April 2013 Daewoong Kim ABBREVIATIONS AATI American Association of Teachers of Italian AB The Anchor Bible ABR Australian Biblical Review ACCSOT Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture Old Testament AGAJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AS Approaches to Semiotics ASTI Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute AT Art History AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907 BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago, 1999 BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium BIS Biblical Interpretation Series BIWL Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature BMS Bibal Monograph Series BSac Bibliotheca Sacra BTB Biblical Theological Bulletin BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft BQ Baptist Quarterly CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CBR Currents in Biblical Research CEJL Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature CI Critical Inquiry Conf. De confusione linguarum CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum CS Cahiers Sioniens CTM Currents in Theology and Mission DCLY Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook vi DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DR Downside Review EdF Erträge der Forschung ET The Expository Times ETR Etudes théologiques et religieuses FZPT Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie GTJ Grace Theological Journal HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden, 1994–1999 HAR Hebrew Annual Review HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament HTR Harvard Theological Review HTS Harvard Theological Studies HTS Hervormde Teologiese Studies HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IB Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. 12 vols. New York, 1951–1957 ICC The International Critical Commentary IDBSup Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: Supplementary Volume. Edited by K. Crim. Nashville, 1976 JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBQ Jewish Biblical Quarterly JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JEGP The Journal of English and Germanic Philology JL Janua Linguarum JLSM Janua Linguarum. Series Maior JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JP Journal for Preachers JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism, Supplement Series JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies vii HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament KHC Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies (Formerly JSOTSup) LSJ Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford, 1996 LSTS Library of Second Temple Studies MLN Modern Language Notes MP Modern Philology MT Masoretic Text (of the OT) NIB The New Interpreter’s Bible NLH New Literary History NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus NTS New Testament Studies OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis OG Old Greek (of the OT) OTP Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Edited by J. H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. New York, 1983 OTS Oudtestamentische Studiën PLIAJSBUST Philip W. Lown Institute of Advanced Judaic Studies, Brandeis University Studies and Texts ProcGM Proceedings, Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest Biblical Societies PPS Papers on Poetics and Semiotics PT Poetics Today PTMS Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series RB Revue Biblique RevQ Revue de Qumran RHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses RQ Restoration Quarterly RRJ Review of Rabbinic Judaism RTT Research in Text Theory SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers SBSSS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series SemeiaSt Semeia Studies SHBC Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament viii SNT Studien zum Neuen Testamentum