Class 8 Subject: English Title of the book: Collins English Grammar and Composition Topic: Verbs General Instructions: 1. Write answers in the book. Introduction Verbs denote actions performed in a sentence. Kinds of Verbs 1. Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning. A transitive verb needs an object after it to complete the sentence. The object after a transitive verb can be a noun or a pronoun. I bought a car. 2. Intransitive Vebs Intransitive verbs cannot have a direct object after them. The subject is doing the action of the verb and nothing receives the action. An intransitive verb does not pass the action to an object. He arrived. Here we cannot have an object after the intransitive verb arrive. You cannot “arrive something” (incorrect). An intransitive verb expresses an action that is complete in itself and it doesn’t need an object to receive the action. The baby smiled. Direct and Indirect Objects A transitive verb can take more than one object. Donovan gave his sister a laptop. In this sentence, there is an indirect object, "his sister," and a direct object, "a laptop." However, there is another way to say this same idea using a prepositional phrase. Donovan gave a laptop to his sister. In English, an indirect object may come between a transitive verb and the direct object, like the first example sentence about Donovan, or the indirect object could be in the form of a prepositional phrase, like the second example sentence about Donovan. An indirect object is only needed if the action is being done to or for somebody; when using a transitive verb, you need to include a direct object, but you may not need to include an indirect object. Finding the Object You can figure out the direct object by using this question format: “The subject did what?” or “The subject [verb] what?” The committee members will raise what? money You can find the indirect object by asking the question “To whom?” or “For whom?” Donovan gave a laptop to whom? his sister Reflexive Verbs When the direct object of a transitive verb is the same as the subject of the verb, the verb is called a reflexive verb. e.g. I washed myself. Answers to the Exercises given in the Book of Unit 6: Verbs Pg 40 A 1. The hungry baby has been crying since morning. (intransitive) 2. The tailor embroidered the dress with ornamental designs. (transitive, dress-direct object) 3. The puppies slept in the cot next to their mother. (intransitive) 4. My mother proudly displayed my sister’s trophy in the living room. (transitive, trophy- direct object) 5. We offered fruits to the ailing woman.(transitive, fruits-direct object, woman- indirect object) 6. The carpenter built a study table for me. (transitive, table-direct object, me- indirect object) 7. Zeba bought clothes for the whole family at the store. (transitive, clothes- direct object, family- indirect object) 8. We could not understand the lesson properly. (transitive, lesson- direct object) 9. Anita won the inter-school quiz contest. (transitive, quiz contest- direct object) 10. The din of the traffic hurts my ears. (transitive, ears- direct object) Pg 41 B. 1. Cathy is painting a beautiful landscape using water colours. 2. My grandfather is cooking a delicious meal for dinner tonight. 3. We held on to our seats tightly as the driver drove dangerously over the hilly terrain. 4. My friends and I are travelling to Germany next month on a student- exchange programme. 5. Amba brewed some coffee for us in her mother’s new coffeemaker. 6. We enjoyed exploring the mangroves forests in the Sunderbans. 7. Shivangi is knitting a multi-coloured scarf for her baby sister now. 8. I had been studying at night when I heard a strange noise outside. 9. My brother baked a cake for my mother to surprise her on her birthday. 10. The burglar attempted fleeing as soon as the dog started growling. C. 1. You cannot afford to waste time now. 2. He agreed to go in my place. 3. Being health conscious, Rakhi prefers to eat home-cooked food. 4. The doctors refused to comment on the condition of the accident victim. 5. I love to go for a walk in the morning. 6. Shalini likes to watch detective films. 7. Raima always refuses to eat green vegetables. 8. It is useless trying to make him see our point of view. 9. My friend helped me to understand the new chemistry lesson. 10. I offered to look after my nieces while my sister wad away. 11. We learnt to design interactive games for toddlers in the workshop. 12. We learnt to make pots and vases in the art and craft classes. Pg 42 D. 2. of feeling 3. from going 4. at playing 5. of leaving 6. of robbing 7. around caring 8. after stealing E. 2. helped ourselves 3. imagined myself 4. taught himself 5. busied himself 6. believed herself 7. fed ourselves 8. introduced ourselves 9. prepared herself 10. behaving themselves Class 8 Subject: English Title of the book: Collins English Grammar and Composition Topic: Non-Finite Verbs General Instructions: 1. Write answers in the book. Introduction Finite verbs They change their form according to the number and person of the subject and the tense of the verb. e.g. The man runs to the store to get a gallon of milk. Non- Finite Verbs They are not marked for tense and do not show agreement with a subject. e.g. He wanted to find a solution. Non-finite verbs are of three types: a) Infinitives b) Participles c) Gerunds Infinitives An infinitive is a non-finite verb in its base form and is usally preceded by the word to. It act as a noun, adjective or adverb. e.g. I love to swim. He wants to travel to UK. The Bare Infinitive The infinitive can sometimes occur without the word to. The form without to is called the bare infinitive (the form with to is called the to-infinitive). In the following sentences both sit and to sit would each be considered an infinitive: I want to sit on the other chair. I can sit here all day. Infinitives have a variety of uses in English. Certain contexts call for the to-infinitive form, and certain contexts call for the bare infinitive; they are not normally interchangeable, except in occasional instances like after the verb help, where either can be used. Some verbs require the bare infinitive instead of the to-infinitive: The helping verb do o Does she dance? Gerunds Gerunds all end in -ing: skiing, reading, dancing, singing, etc. Gerunds act like nouns and can serve as subjects or objects of sentences. They can be created using active or helping verbs: I like swimming. Participle A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb. It is one of the types of non-finite verb forms. The two types of participle in English are traditionally called the present participle (forms such as writing, singing and raising) and the past participle (forms such as written, sung and raised). The Present Participle Even though they look exactly the same, gerunds and present participles do different things. The gerund acts as a noun: e.g., “I like sleeping“; “Sleeping is not allowed.” Present participles, on the other hand, act similarly to an adjective or adverb: e.g., “The sleeping girl over there is my sister”; “Breathing heavily, she finished the race in first place.” The present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows: as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: The man sitting over there is my uncle. adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: Looking at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay. He shot the man, killing him. more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: Broadly speaking, the project was successful. The present participle can also be used with the helping verb to be to form a type of present tense: Marta was sleeping. This is something we learned a little bit about in helping verbs and tense. The Past Participle Past participles often look very similar to the simple past tense of a verb: finished, danced, etc. However, some verbs have different forms. Reference lists will be your best help in finding the correct past participle. Here’s a short list of some of the most common irregular past participles you’ll use: Verb Simple Past Past Participle to be was/were been to become became become to do did done Verb Simple Past Past Participle to go went gone to know knew know to see saw seen to speak spoke spoken to take took taken to write wrote written Past participles are used in a couple of different ways: as an adjective phrase: The chicken eaten by the children was contaminated. adverbially: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: The task finished, we returned home. The past participle can also be used with the helping verb to have to form a type of past tense The chicken has eaten. It is also used to form the passive voice: Tianna was voted as most likely to succeed. When the passive voice is used following a relative pronoun (like that or which) we sometimes leave out parts of the phrase: He had three things that were taken away from him He had three things taken away from him In the second sentence, we removed the words that were.