This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Malik, Mullah, Siyar, State The Role of non-State Law in the Regulation of Armed Non-State Groups Hazelwood, Jessica Anne Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). 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A Thesis in Fulfilment of the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Law King’s College London, School of Law, 2017 Jessica Hazelwood 0 Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Definitions......................................................................................................................................... 14 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 20 Structure of the Thesis ...................................................................................................................... 23 Scope and Limitation ........................................................................................................................ 24 PART I ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 1 Non-Native Invasive International Law.......................................................................... 27 1.1 International Law in Non-International Armed Conflict ............................................................ 35 1.2 Binding Armed Non-state Groups in International Law ............................................................. 41 Chapter 2 Tracing Conflict in Islam* ............................................................................................... 47 2.1 The Jahiliyya ............................................................................................................................... 53 2.2 Building Islamic Law: Revelation, the Shahada, & the Umma .................................................. 56 2.3 The Hijra: Moving a Movement ................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 3 Allahu a’lam, God Knows Best ........................................................................................ 61 3.1 The Epistemological Foundation of Islamic law ........................................................................ 61 3.2 Sources of Islamic Law ............................................................................................................... 62 3.3 ‘Ilm Usul al-Fiqh: the Central Role of the Islamic Jurist ............................................................ 67 3.4 The Islamic Jurists & His Tools .................................................................................................. 69 3.5 Ijtihād and Its Role in Modern Warfare ...................................................................................... 71 3.6 Mujtahid Qualification ................................................................................................................ 76 3.7 The Importance of Being Salaf ................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4 Islamic International Law and the Right to War .......................................................... 84 4.1 Siyar and the Islamic Framework for Conflict Relations ............................................................ 84 4.2 Binding Islamic Groups: Pacta Sunt Servanda and ‘al ‘aqd Shari’at at al-mut’aqidin .............. 88 4.3 Unapologetic Jihad ..................................................................................................................... 93 4.3.1 Right Authority .................................................................................................................... 97 4.4 The Doctrine of Abrogation in Justifying Aggressive Jihad .................................................... 100 4.5 The Sword Verse 9:5 ................................................................................................................ 102 4.6 Dar al Baghy ............................................................................................................................. 105 1 Chapter 5 Islamic Laws of Armed Conflict .................................................................................... 110 5.1 Directives of Abu Bakr and ‘Umar ........................................................................................... 113 5.2 Distinction in Islamic Extremism ............................................................................................. 116 5.2.1 Distinction and Apostasy ................................................................................................... 120 5.2.2 Distinction and Jahiliyya .................................................................................................... 123 5.3 Battles ....................................................................................................................................... 125 5.4 Prisoners Of War (POW) .......................................................................................................... 130 5.5 Distinction: Property ................................................................................................................. 133 5.5.1 Religious Property.............................................................................................................. 134 5.6 Means and Methods of Warfare ................................................................................................ 135 5.7 Proportionality .......................................................................................................................... 143 PART II ............................................................................................................................................. 146 Chapter 6 Afghanistan: Ethno-Political Dynamics and Conflict History .................................... 148 6.1 Afghan Resistance to Domination ............................................................................................ 149 6.2 Anglo Afghan Wars .................................................................................................................. 153 6.3 Abdur Rahman and the Durand Line Agreement 1893 ............................................................ 155 6.4 Durand Line .............................................................................................................................. 157 6.5 Resistance to Centralization: The Urban Rural Divide ............................................................. 160 6.6 The Mujahidin, Saur Revolution and Soviet Invasion .............................................................. 165 6.7 The Geneva Accords 1988 and the Soviet Withdrawal ............................................................ 169 6.8 An Afghan Solution .................................................................................................................. 172 Chapter 7 The Pashtuns: Customary Law and Conflict Conduct .............................................. 175 7.1 Pashtunwali ............................................................................................................................... 179 7.2 Melmastia .................................................................................................................................