Sustainable Cars: Chemicals as Part of the Solution The Automobile: 1885–2010 125125 yearsyears ofof evolution,evolution, techniquestechniques andand materialsmaterials rdANNUAL MEETING 43 3-7 October 2009 Content History of cars evolution: We hereby express our sincere thanks to the persons who have devoted time and efforts to ■ Pre-1900: Once upon a time… realize this joint EPCA – CEFIC Exhibition on Food for thought: Were cars more sustainable “Sustainable Cars: Chemicals as Part of the than horses in the 19th Century? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 Solution”. All have shared their passion for cars and bundled together their ■ 1885 – 1900 The Golden Age: On the road organizational, communication and drafting Food for thought: The 3 types of energy: steam, skills. Thanks to these joint contributions, we electricity, and gasoline _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 are now able to show with pride that chemicals are part of the solution in ■ 1900 – 1945 Mass production and producing sustainable cars at EPCA’s post-war developments 43rd Annual Meeting dedicated to coping with Food for thought: Methods of production: challenges through sustainable development. Benz/Oldsmobile/ford _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 We would like to express our special thanks to ■ 1945 – 2000 Sustainability, safety, comfort Dr. Dominique Cruyt, former EPCA President, Food for thought: Raw materials, wood or who, allowed us to have access to his plastics? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 publication on the history of cars and petrochemicals. He also allowed us to publish ■ 2000 – Future The next steps: the English version of his cartoon strip on the Chemicals as part of the solution test drive by Bertha Benz in 1887 in the Food for thought: Chemical products and “Dreirad” developed by Carl Benz. This cartoon categories in cars _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 is attached to the brochure. ■ Exhibition Catalogue _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 Dr. Albert Heuser C. Demeestere President EPCA Secretary General EPCA Automobile timeline_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Insert Thank you words Sustainability and cutting edge technology are key issues for the development of a low carbon economy and a less polluted environment. The European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) is organizing its 43rd Annual Meeting on the theme: “Turbulent Times for Chemicals: Coping with Challenges through Sustainable Development”. In the context of this year’s meeting, EPCA organizes, together with Cefic (The European Chemical Industry Council), an Exhibition in the Mercedes Welt am Salzufer in Berlin. The Exhibition is linked to EPCA’s general topic with its main theme being: “Sustainable Cars: Chemicals as part of the Solution”. Indeed, the car industry and the chemical industry are team players with same goal: ecological, economical and human sustainability. This brochure explains the car’s evolution and intends to demonstrate that since the introduction of petrochemicals into the production of cars, they have become more sustainable. Chemicals in cars have allowed the production of cars that are lighter and consume less fuel. CO2 emissions have been reduced and the well-being and safety of passengers and drivers has been increased. A car today has 4 times more chemical components than fifty years ago. The cooperation between the car industry and the chemical industry results in higher energy efficiency and provides sustainable solution. SUSTAINABLE CARS: CHEMICALS AS PART OF THE SOLUTION EXHIBITION 2009 EPCA-CEFIC 1 Pre 1900: Once upon a time … From horses to horse power! Did you know? Once upon a time horses pulled carriages. Other than walking, • Leonardo Da Vinci first thought of the horses were the only real means of transport for centuries. idea of a machine to transport people? They pulled carts, stagecoaches, covered wagons, and delivery vans. So why were people so quick to give up horses for cars? • The very first headquarters of Daimler Well, believe it or not the answer lies in ‘manure’! Barge loads of in 1882 was a cottage in Stuttgart? horse feed had to be ferried into cities across the world only to Unfortunately the neighbors reported be barged out again – but this time as muck. You can imagine them to the police as counterfeiters both the smell and the flies during the long hot summer who then raided the house but found months! With cars, it was very different. You didn’t have to feed only car engines. them and they certainly didn’t cover streets with manure! The race is on! Key Milestone! In 1872, two men by the name of Daimler and Maybach • Belgian Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir was started working at the world's largest manufacturer of the first man to build a hydro-carbon stationary engines of the time - the Deutz-AG- powers-D“horseless carriage”. His car Gasmotorenfabrik in Cologne. Together with a designer called managed to reach a speed of 3 miles Otto they focused on gas-engine development culminating in per hour (mph). the invention of the Four-stroke cycle also known as the Otto Cycle which was characterized by four piston strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Otto hoped his invention would replace the steam engines predominant in those years. However, unknown to Otto, Daimler, and Maybach … at the very same time in Mannheim in1878 Karl Benz was concentrating all his efforts on creating a reliable two-stroke gas engine based on the same principle. But this wasn’t to be the only complication as serious personal differences arose between Otto & Daimler - Otto was jealous of the former’s • German Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm university background and knowledge. This lead to Daimler Maybach had the envious job as being fired in 1880 and Maybach resigning later. Daimler and “Inventors”. In1885 they invented the Maybach then decided to open what could be called the “first modern petrol engine to fit to a two- car garage” by founding the Daimler Motoren Gesellshaft wheeled vehicle and the ‘motorcycle’ (DMG) in Stuttgart. was born. But this wasn’t enough for our intrepid inventors! In the same year they managed to put the same engine into both a boat and a stagecoach! Four-Stroke Otto Cycle Gottlieb Daimler in his 1186 4-wheel carriage, driven by his son Paul 2 EPCA-CEFIC EXHIBITION 2009 SUSTAINABLE CARS: CHEMICALS AS PART OF THE SOLUTION Wilhelm MAYBACH Daimler always favoured privilege engine- Benz fovoured car manufacturing. manufacturing until his death in 1900. His loyal Instead of proposing an adapted assistant, Maybach, would carry on this development horse carriage, his tricycle would be and produce an automobile (the Simplex Mercedes) in the first “genuine” gasoline car to be 1901, which soon made all other cars look old-fashioned. designed, produced and sold. With 500 units per year at the end of the 19th century, Benz became the largest car-producer in the world. Cars: more sustainable than horses in the 19th Century? Using horse + carriages as a means of transport also had an environmental and economical impact: ENIVRONMENTAL ISSUES IN CITIES: TRAFFIC JAM People often believe that the traffic jam is a modern phenomenon and often look back on the “good old times”. Take a look at this 100-years old picture taken near Piccadilly in London and just imagine,that on top of the congestion how an maneuverable a horse carriage was! ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE COUNTRYSIDE: MECHANICAL BANG-BANG! : Farmers were generally opposed to cars in England and in the US, until Ford convinced them that the “T-model” was also designed and priced for them: a “large and rustic all –rounder” on high wheels, ideal for bumpy roads. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY: HORSES, QUITE COSTLY… Check out this self-explanatory strip from Italy: SUSTAINABLE CARS: CHEMICALS AS PART OF THE SOLUTION EXHIBITION 2009 EPCA-CEFIC 3 1885 - 1900 The Golden Age : Progress accelerates! Key milestone! In 1895, Benz designed the first ever truck in history, with some • In 1889 Daimler-Maybach built the first parts later being modified by the world’s first bus company: car NOT shaped in the style of a horse- Netphener.