Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 172 More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361 Luciano Maiani • Said Abousahl Wolfango Plastino Editors International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation Proceedings of the XIX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy, March 30–31, 2015 123 Editors Luciano Maiani Wolfango Plastino Department of Physics Department of Mathematics and Physics Sapienza University of Rome Roma Tre University Rome Rome Italy Italy Said Abousahl European Commission Directorate General Joint Research Centre Brussels Belgium The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflect the views only of the authors. Therefore, the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) Springer Proceedings in Physics ISBN 978-3-319-24320-7 ISBN 978-3-319-24322-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24322-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950755 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword I Distinguished Delegates, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of the Accademia dei Lincei, it is my great pleasure to welcome you all to the 19th edition of the Edoardo Amaldi Conferences. I would like to begin by thanking the European Commission, co-organizer of this conference, in particular the Joint Research Centre, and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for granting its patronage. I also wish to express my appreciation to our Academy fellow, Luciano Maiani for the organization of this meeting, with the precious support of Prof. Wolfango Plastino and all of the Organizing Committee. Lastly, my thanks are due to the distinguished speakers who graciously accepted our invitation to participate. Edoardo Amaldi was President of the Accademia dei Lincei from 1988 until his death on 5 December 1989. He died unexpectedly while he was at work here at the Academy; he had just delivered the welcome address at a Conference on the developments in nuclear physics in Italy. The Amaldi Conferences are named after him because he was to initiate, in 1984, a conference series on disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. Since then the Conferences’ attention has somewhat shifted from nuclear threat to nuclear safety and the progress that has been made in strengthening and maintaining nuclear safety and security, especially in terms of non-proliferation. In fact, this edition of the Amaldi Conference will concentrate on the international cooperation to enhancing nuclear safety and security, and non-proliferation. I am very pleased that this year’s programme includes not only the participation of countries from past editions, Russia, USA and European countries, but also China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan and Pakistan. I am not an expert on the topic to be discussed today, therefore I will limit myself to saying that although great progress has been made in nuclear threat reduction, constant commitment and responsibility is required by all countries to protect public health and minimize the harmful effects of nuclear activities on society and on our environment. v vi Foreword I Before I conclude, I would like to take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Accademia dei Lincei, my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to Prof. Edoardo Vesentini for his commitment and efforts to promote the Amaldi Conferences for many years. Professor Vesentini has always recognized the important contribution that the scientific community, including the science acade- mies, could provide on questions of international security. I thank you for your attention and wish you an open and fruitful discussion, as well as a very pleasant stay in Rome. I now pass the word to Luca Giansanti, Director General for Political Affairs and Security of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lamberto Maffei President of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Foreword II Presidents, Chairpersons, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is an honour to welcome you to the XIX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, which is co-organized by the European Commission and supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. The close relationship between Science and International Security and the contribution of scientists to the peaceful development of mankind is not a new topic for the Amaldi Conference, being part of the moral heritage of the former President of the Accademia dei Lincei, Edoardo Amaldi. Meeting growing energy demands and mitigating climate change are among the main challenges of today. Projections for global installed nuclear power capacity still indicate an increase by 2030, with different regional developments. Although these projections have been lowered every year since 2010, nuclear power remains an important option for several countries. How to reconcile the increase in nuclear power capacity with the imperative of non-proliferation is the challenge we are going to face in the coming years. The proliferation of nuclear weapons continues to represent a major threat to international security. Despite the efforts made and results achieved in recent years, the existence of proliferation programmes and networks, the difficulty of securing sensitive materials and the risk that terrorists might get access to them remain major challenges to cope with. The IAEA’s system of safeguards is a fundamental component of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and plays an indispensable role in the implementation of the NPT. Italy has firmly supported the continued evolution of safeguards as exemplified by the development of the State-level Concept. Consistent and universal imple- mentation of the SLC will further strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of the IAEA Safeguards System, thus contributing to global non-proliferation efforts. Moreover, Italy is convinced of the benefits of multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle. We had hoped to see the IAEA LEU Bank already completed, and look forward to the early conclusion of the Host State Agreement between the IAEA and Kazakhstan. vii viii Foreword II The NPT Review Conference is approaching and we should redouble our efforts to achieve a successful outcome. The NPT is the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime, the foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament and an important element in the further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes. We want to reaffirm our commitment to create the conditions for a safer world for all without nuclear weapons, in accordance with Article VI of the NPT. Any further progress in this field should be based on considering the three pillars of the NPT as mutually reinforcing. In this prospect we reaffirm our full support to the implementation of the 2010 Action Plan which includes concrete steps on nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Italy is also fully committed to the entry into force of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty that would strengthen the international non-proliferation regime, significantly contributing to the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. In this regard, I particularly welcome the participation of the former Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission, Ambassador Tibor Toth, whose leader- ship has been transformational in making the CTBTO and its International Monitoring System fundamental elements of the global Non-Proliferation Regime. Within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, the negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material remain a priority. This treaty would be crucial to foster both disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. Italy is part of the Group of Governmental Experts on an FMCT that will conclude its work soon with the aim of revitalising the negotiations on this Treaty. Taking into account the lessons of the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear accident, we attach the utmost importance to the worldwide implementation and continuous improvement of the highest standards of nuclear safety. In 2014, the Council of the European Union adopted a renewed Directive to strengthen