United States EPA Document #740-R1-8013 Environmental Protection Agency August 2020 Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention Risk Evaluation for 1-Bromopropane (n-Propyl Bromide) CASRN: 106-94-5 August 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. 2 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES ................................................................................................ 17 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 17 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES .............................................................................................. 19 LIST OF EQUATIONS .............................................................................................................. 19 LIST OF APPENDIX EQUATIONS ........................................................................................ 20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 21 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 22 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 30 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 43 1.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................... 44 1.2 USES AND PRODUCTION VOLUME .............................................................................................................. 46 1.3 REGULATORY AND ASSESSMENT HISTORY ................................................................................................ 47 1.4 SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION ....................................................................................................................... 48 Conditions of Use Included in the Risk Evaluation ............................................................................... 48 Exposure Pathways and Risks Addressed by other EPA Administered Statutes .................................... 54 Conceptual Models ................................................................................................................................ 60 1.5 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 67 Data and Information Collection ........................................................................................................... 67 Data Evaluation ..................................................................................................................................... 73 Data Integration .................................................................................................................................... 74 2 EXPOSURES............................................................................................................................ 75 2.1 FATE AND TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................... 75 Fate and Transport Approach and Methodology .................................................................................. 75 Summary of Fate and Transport ............................................................................................................ 76 Assumptions and Key Sources of Uncertainty for Fate and Transport .................................................. 77 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ................................................................................................................... 77 Environmental Exposures Approach and Methodology ........................................................................ 77 Page 2 of 486 2.3 HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 78 Occupational Exposures ........................................................................................................................ 78 2.3.1.1 Number of Sites and Workers Approach and Methodology .............................................................................. 80 2.3.1.2 Inhalation Exposures Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................... 82 2.3.1.3 Consideration of Engineering Control and Personal Protective Equipment ...................................................... 84 2.3.1.4 Dermal Exposures Approach and Methodology................................................................................................ 85 2.3.1.5 Manufacture ...................................................................................................................................................... 85 2.3.1.6 Import................................................................................................................................................................ 87 2.3.1.7 Processing as a Reactant ................................................................................................................................... 88 2.3.1.8 Processing – Incorporation into Formulation, Mixture, or Reaction Product .................................................... 89 2.3.1.9 Processing – Incorporation into Articles ........................................................................................................... 90 2.3.1.10 Repackaging ...................................................................................................................................................... 91 2.3.1.11 Batch Vapor Degreaser (Open-Top) ................................................................................................................. 92 2.3.1.12 Batch Vapor Degreaser (Closed-Loop) ............................................................................................................. 98 2.3.1.13 In-line Vapor Degreaser (Conveyorized) ........................................................................................................ 100 2.3.1.14 Cold Cleaner ................................................................................................................................................... 101 2.3.1.15 Aerosol Spray Degreaser/Cleaner ................................................................................................................... 105 2.3.1.16 Dry Cleaning ................................................................................................................................................... 108 2.3.1.17 Spot Cleaner, Stain Remover .......................................................................................................................... 115 2.3.1.18 Adhesive Chemicals (Spray Adhesives) ......................................................................................................... 118 2.3.1.19 THERMAXTM Installation .............................................................................................................................. 121 2.3.1.20 Other Uses ....................................................................................................................................................... 122 2.3.1.21 Disposal, Recycling ........................................................................................................................................ 123 2.3.1.22 Summary of Inhalation Exposure Assessment ................................................................................................ 124 2.3.1.23 Dermal Exposure Assessment ......................................................................................................................... 128 Consumer Exposures ........................................................................................................................... 132 2.3.2.1 Consumer Exposures Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 132 2.3.2.2 Consumer Exposure Model (CEM) - Overview, Approach, Inputs, and Results ............................................ 135 2.3.2.2.1 Aerosol Spray Degreaser/Cleaner-General ............................................................................................ 142 2.3.2.2.2 Aerosol Spray Degreaser/Cleaner-Electronics ....................................................................................... 143 2.3.2.2.3 Spot Cleaner and Stain Remover ........................................................................................................... 144 2.3.2.2.4 Spray Cleaner-General .......................................................................................................................... 145 2.3.2.2.5 Adhesive Accelerant .............................................................................................................................. 147 2.3.2.2.6 Mold Cleaning and Release Product ...................................................................................................... 148 Page 3 of 486 2.3.2.3 Multi-Chamber Concentration and Exposure Model (MCCEM)