file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1993/1994 CAROLE COOPER ROBIN HAMILTON HARRY MASHABELA SHAUN MACKAY ELIZABETH SIDIROPOULOS CLAIRE GORDON-BROWN STUART MURPHY JULIA FRIELINGHAUS Research staff South African Institute of Race Relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1994 Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 South Africa Copyright South African Institute of Race Relations, 1994 ISSN 0258-7246 PD 4/94 file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (1 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM ISBN 0-86982-442-2 Members of the media are free to reprint or report information, either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the South African Institute of Race Relations in acknowledged. Otherwise no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of this Survey wish to thank all those who assisted in producing this volume. We are indebted to Ferial Haffajee for writing the chapter on Labour Relations. The writers are also grateful to all those who provided information, including organisations, trade unions, companies, government officials, officials of political parties, members of Parliament, academics and other researchers. We wish to thank Connie Matthews, Sarah Zwane and Pinky Makhubu for typing parts of the manuscript and for typesetting the Survey. The Institute’s chief librarian, Ellen Potter, and the assistant librarian, Tamara Dimant, assisted by Eunice Halo, Elizabeth Koloko, Sarah Mohale, Mildred Monyane, Alfred Nkungu and Prisca Nkungu obtained much of the material and provided the press clipping service essential for the writing of the Survey. We are grateful to Carmel Musiker, Sarah Zwane, Allegra Rose, Isabelle Delvare, Ingrid la Trobe, Lindsey Morton and Carol McCutcheon for their work in style editing and checking the typeset manuscript. Our appreciation also goes to Naomi Musiker for her invaluable index. NOTES References to Fast Facts are to a monthly eight-page publication dealing with current events, published by the Institute. CONTENTS SYNOPSIS AND UPDATE POPULATION file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (2 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM HEALTH AND WELFARE BUSINESS LAND, AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS ENVIRONMENT SECURITY HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE THE ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE LABOUR RELATIONS POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS EDUCATION APPENDICES DETAILED CONTENTS SYNOPSIS AND UPDATE Politics Political Violence Security Constitutional Change Political Groups and Alliances file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (3 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM The Transitional Constitution The Transitional Executive Council Outstanding Issues Negotiations on Regions Negotiations with the Freedom Alliance Negotiations with the Afrikaner Volksfront Negotiations at Regional and Local Levels Elections Population Environment Housing and Infrastructure Health and Welfare Education Land, Agriculture and Rural Areas The Economy and Business Employment Labour Relations POPULATION POPULATION STATISTICS Census file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (4 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Population Size Male/female Distribution Urban/rural Distribution Language Population Growth Population Control Population Density Age Religion Educational Levels Marital Status EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION The ‘brain Drain’ Deportation Repatriation URBANISATION Statistics Policy Regional Issues Durban file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (5 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Eastern Cape Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vereeniging Western Cape Key Projections HEALTH AND WELFARE HEALTH Policy Alternative Proposals Legislation Finance Provincial Health Budgets Homeland Budgets Medical Aid Schemes Medical Personnel Doctors Nurses Traditional Healers Other Health Workers Health Indicators Health Services file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (6 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Family Planning Abortion Hospitals Public Hospitals Private Hospitals Primary Health Care Vaccination Diseases Aids Statistics Major Developments Projections Cancer Malaria Malnutrition Measles Tuberculosis Occupational Health Pollution and Health WELFARE Policy file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (7 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Legislation Finance Welfare Personnel Welfare Services Social Pensions Old-Age Pensions Other Services for the Aged Services for Alcoholics and Drug Addicts Services for Children Services for Disabled People Services for Returning Exiles Key Projections BUSINESS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Company Directorships AFRICAN BUSINESS Statistics and Structure Successes and Failures Business Organisations Policy file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (8 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Deregulation Finance Constraints on Black Business Official Constraints Unofficial Constraints Informal Sector Statistics Hawkers Shebeens and Taverns Spaza Shopowners Stokvels Subsistence Farmers Taxis Black Consumers Advertising FOREIGN PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE SECTOR AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Corporate Social Responsibility American Guidelines European Code file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (9 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM South African Initiatives Employee Share Ownership Plans Affirmative Action REGULATION OF BUSINESS Statutory Regulations Anti-Trust Legislation Competition Board Affirmative Action Criteria for Investment Prescribed Asset Requirements Trade Policy General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) Other Measures LAND, AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS LAND Current Allocation of Land Population Densities Policy Government Policy African National Congress file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tr..._SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (10 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Conservative Party Democratic Party Inkatha Freedom Party Pan-Africanist Congress Other Views Land Tenure Legislation Finance Land Disputes Labour Tenants Reoccupation of Land Removals Reallocation of Land Availability of Land AGRICULTURE Policy Government Policy Alternative Views Agricultural Economy Production Levels Share of Gross Domestic Product file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tr..._SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (11 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Share of Jobs Share of Imports and Exports Share of Land Marketing (Control) Boards Finance Farmers and Farmworkers Labour Legislation Constraints on Agriculture Drought Loss of Jobs Drought Aid Debt and Sequestrations Promotion and Development of Agriculture Agricultural Organisations OTHER RURAL ISSUES Women in Rural Areas Problems in Rural Areas Key Projections ENVIRONMENT POLICY file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tr..._SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (12 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM Sustainable Development Government Policy African National Congress Inkatha Freedom Party Pan-Africanist Congress Business ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE Population Pressure Land Degradation Afforestation and Deforestation Fertilisers, Insecticides and Pesticides Droughts Water Shortage Mining Damage to the Coastline Overfishing Water Pollution Air Pollution Waste Nuclear Power file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tr..._SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM (13 of 1172)25/11/2004 15:22:11 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201993-94.HTM CONSERVATION MEASURES International and Regional Treaties Legislation National Parks and Game Reserves Elephant Conservation