RUSSIAN PROTEST 98 ON- AND OFFLINE THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE MOSCOW OPPOSITION DEMONSTRATIONS IN DECEMBER 2011 Markku Lonkila FIIA BRIEFING PAPER 98 • February 2012 ULKOPOLIITTINEN INSTITUUTTI UTRIKESPOLITISKA INSTITUTET THE FINNISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS RUSSIAN PROTEST ON- AND OFFLINE THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE MOSCOW OPPOSITION DEMONSTRATIONS IN DECEMBER 2011 Markku Lonkila Principal Investigator Department of Social Research FIIA Briefing Paper 98 University of Helsinki February 2012 • Social media played an important role in the Moscow opposition demonstrations in December 2011, functioning both as an alternative arena for public debate and as a tool for mobilising the protests. In a matter of months, the political atmosphere in the country changed and the legitimacy of the Russian power vertical was called into question. • Even before the Duma elections in 2011, social media had turned into an alternative forum for political debate in Russia. These media frayed the image of United Russia and Vladimir Putin, politicised new audiences, and helped to form both a collective ‘anti’ identity and networks among the protesters. • The reports of the falsification of the Duma elections circulated through social media channels and exploded into anger on the part of the betrayed voters. Social media were put to good effect when making the practical arrangements for the protests, such as financing the street demonstrations and recruiting participants. • Albeit crucial in mobilising discontent, social media is less well-suited to building lasting political structures. In the longer run, the conflict-torn opposition has to transform the protests into offline organisations and decide, among other things, who can represent the street protesters in negotiations with the power-holders. • Imposing strict internet control in Russia does not seem likely since the Russian urban middle class is accustomed to seeking information and expressing itself freely on the net. Removing this freedom would lead to an increase in anti-government sentiments and the intensification of protests in big Russian cities. The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia research programme The Finnish Institute of International Affairs ULKOPOLIITTINEN INSTITUUTTI UTRIKESPOLITISKA INSTITUTET THE FINNISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Even the well-known children's animated character Cheburashka demanded honest elections. Photo: Person Behind The Scenes / Flickr.com. Introduction the December demonstrations. This focus on social media excludes Russian independent professional This paper discusses the events leading up to the print and web media, despite their importance for large street demonstrations against the falsification the protests.2 of the Russian Duma elections in Moscow on 10 and 24 December 2011. The sudden emergence of the pro- The main claim of this paper is that the emergence tests caught prime minister Vladimir Putin’s regime and mobilisation of the street demonstrations was by surprise and revealed its inability to understand greatly facilitated by social media, which functioned both the degree of discontent among the Russian both as an arena for discussion and debate and as urban population and the growing power of social a tool for organising the protests. I maintain that media. Within just a few months, the stagnated social media paved the way for the December street political atmosphere in Russia was electrified and the demonstrations by diffusing alternative information legitimacy of the Russian ruling elite was called into on political events in the country, fraying the image question.1 of the immunity of Vladimir Putin, creating a collec- tive identity against United Russia – dubbed a ‘party This paper centres on the role of social media in of swindlers and thieves’ – and building networks organising the opposition protests in Russia, where between civic actors. When the falsification of the the leeway for civic activism has been on the wane Duma elections was revealed, again through social under the Putin-Medvedev tandem. By social media media, these networks could be used to mobilise I refer to interactive internet and mobile commu- mass protests. nication technologies with user-generated content. I focus in particular on Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, its Russian clone Vkontakte, and the Russian-lan- guage segment of LiveJournal (Zhivoi Zhurnal), all of 2 For studies of social media, politics and civil society in Rus- which were paramount in preparing and organising sia, see e.g. http://blogs.helsinki.fi/lonkila/; Bruce Etling et al. (2010) Public Discourse in the Russian Blogosphere: Map- ping RuNet Politics and Mobilization. Berkman Center Research 1 I would like to thank Risto Alapuro, Angelina Davydova,­ Publication, Harvard University. Available at: http://cyber.law. Vladimir Gel’man, Arkady Moshes, Katri Pynnöniemi, Teija harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Public_Dis- Tiilikainen, Philip Torchinsky, Dmitry Yagodin and the members course_in_the_Russian_Blogosphere_2010.pdf, accessed 8 Feb- of Helsinki Research Group for Political Sociology for their com- ruary 2012; Florian Töpfl (2011) Managing public outrage: Power, ments on earlier versions of this paper. I remain responsible for scandal, and new media in contemporary Russia, New Media & the conclusions and any factual errors in the text. Society, 13(8), 1301–1319. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs 3 Particularities of the Russian-language internet It became, however, extremely popular among the first generation of Russian internet users to Understanding the role of social media and the sud- the extent that it was synonymous with the word den emergence of the Moscow protests warrants a weblog in the Russian language for a long time. In look at the specific features of the Russian-language 2011, Russians were still the second largest group of internet. One of the most important of these fea- LiveJournal users worldwide and Zhivoi Zhurnal had tures is the strong recent and ongoing growth in become a permanent fixture in the Russian blogo- internet and mobile communications, which poses sphere, urban culture, and political debate. a challenge to broadcasts by the state-controlled national TV channels. This growth is illustrated by In terms of civic and political activism, LiveJour- the increase in the daily internet audience among nal’s built-in networking functions are particularly adult Russians from 22% in 2009 to 35% in 2011, and important: the user can link their blog both to those by the increase in the weekly audience from 32% to of other users and to the innumerable Zhivoi Zhurnal 44%.3 This growth has coincided with an explosion in communities, whose topics cover a wide spectrum the use of mobile communication resulting, among of issues from art and hobbies to politics. Thanks to other things, in the important role played by Twitter this networked structure, a political Zhivoi Zhurnal in the December protests. Despite the strong growth, blogger in Russia runs less risk of drowning in the internet use is divided according to age, geographical endless ocean of individual, isolated blogs. Instead, location, and socio-economic factors. It is no coin- the blogger is included in a virtual community cidence that the protests were strongest in the big which embraces an important part of the Russian Russian cities, notably in Moscow, where internet intelligentsia within one interconnected technical penetration is at its highest. platform. Second, the Russian-language internet is relatively Zhivoi Zhurnal has also been an important tool for isolated from the global internet. Despite the com- the practical organisation of resistance: several monly held belief, the internet is not a homogeneous opposition demonstrations have been mobilised sphere where everyone may freely communicate through Zhivoi Zhurnal communities, which have with everyone else. Rather, internet use in Russia also published accounts, photos and videos of the and elsewhere is conditioned by its historical devel- violent harassment of demonstrators by the Russian opment, language barrier, and political and cultural law enforcement agencies. In the December 2011 context. This development has shaped the Russian demonstrations, however, the organising role of blogosphere into a relatively closed cultural commu- Zhivoi Zhurnal was challenged by the newer social nity of Russian citizens and Russian-speaking dias- network sites such as Facebook and Vkontakte, as pora around the world. The inward-oriented nature will be described in the fourth section in this paper. of this community is illustrated by the fact that the Russian-language internet is commonly dubbed Finally, Russia is one of the few countries in the ‘Runet’ by its users (imagine Finnish internet users world where Facebook is not the leading social calling the internet ‘Finnet’). network site. Instead, its lookalike Russian clone Vkontakte (In contact) was a clear leader with 27.8 The third specificity of Runet is the significance of million visitors in 2010, followed by Odnoklassniki the Russian-language segment of the LiveJournal (16.7 million), whereas Facebook, despite its blogging platform and social network site (Zhivoi impressive growth figure, was only fifth with 4.5 Zhurnal or ZhZh in Russian), both for Russian urban million visitors.4 Many users have accounts both in culture in general and for civic activism in particular. Vkontakte and Facebook, but the popularity of the LiveJournal was one of the first