Chapter 8: Memory SW By: Stephen E. Wisecarver Chapter 8: Memory SW By: Stephen E. Wisecarver Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col11816/1.1/ > OpenStax-CNX This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Stephen E. Wisecarver. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Collection structure revised: June 8, 2015 PDF generated: June 9, 2015 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 37. Table of Contents 1 8.0 Introduction to Memory .....................................................................1 2 8.1 How Memory Functions ......................................................................5 3 8.2 Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory .................................................13 4 8.3 Problems with Memory .....................................................................19 5 8.4 Ways to Enhance Memory ..................................................................27 Glossary .............................................................................................32 Index ................................................................................................35 Attributions .........................................................................................37 iv Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11816/1.1> Chapter 1 8.0 Introduction to Memory1 Figure 1.1: Photographs can trigger our memories and bring past experiences back to life. (credit: modication of work by Cory Zanker) We may be top-notch learners, but if we don't have a way to store what we've learned, what good is the knowledge we've gained? We have an amazing capacity for memory, but how, exactly, do we process and store information? Are there dierent kinds of memory, and if so, what characterizes the dierent types? How, exactly, do we retrieve our memories? And why do we forget? This chapter will explore these questions as we learn about memory. 1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m55796/1.1/>. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11816/1.1> 1 2 CHAPTER 1. 8.0 INTRODUCTION TO MEMORY 1.1 References Abel, M., & Bäuml, K.-H. T. (2013). Sleep can reduce proactive interference. Memory, 22(4), 332339. doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.785570. Retrieved from http://www.psychologie.uni- regensburg.de/Baeuml/papers_in_press/sleepPI.pdf Anderson, N. S. (1969). The inuence of acoustic similarity on serial recall of letter sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(3), 248255. Anderson, R. C. (1984). Role of the reader's schema in comprehension, learning, and memory. In R. C. Anderson, J. Osborn, & R. J. Tierney (Eds.), Learning to read in American schools: Basal Readers and Content Texts (pp. 243257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Atkinson, R. C., & Shirin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Volume 2 (pp. 89195). New York, NY: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. (2004). Your memory: A user's guide. Richmond Hill, Canada: Firey Books. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 4789). New York, NY: Academic Press. Bayley, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (2002). Medial temporal lobe amnesia: Gradual acquisition of factual information by nondeclarative memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 57415748. Bellezza, F. S. (1981). Mnemonic devices: Classication, characteristics and criteria. Review of Educa- tional Research, 51, 247275. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University. (2009). Reevaluating lineups: Why witnesses make mistakes and how to reduce the chance of a misidentication. Retrieved from The Innocence Project website: http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Eyewitness_ID_Report.pdf Blockland, A. (1996). Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter for learning and memory? Brain Research Reviews, 21, 285300. Bodie, G. D., Powers, W. G., & Fitch-Hauser, M. (2006). Chunking, priming, and active learning: Toward an innovative approach to teaching communication-related skills. Interactive Learning Environment, 14(2), 119135. Bouseld, W. (1935). The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229240. Bransford, J. D., & McCarrell, N. S. (1974). A sketch of a cognitive approach to comprehension. In W. B. Weimer & D. J. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes (pp. 189229). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Briere, J., & Conte, J. (1993). Self-reported amnesia for abuse in adults molested as children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 2131. Carli, L. (1999). Cognitive reconstruction, hindsight, and reactions to victims and perpetrators. Person- ality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 966979. doi:10.1177/01461672992511005 Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Child witness: Translating research into policy. Social Policy Report, 7(3), 130. Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the courtroom: A scientic analysis of children's testimony. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Cheit, R. E. (2007). The recovered memory project. Retrieved from http://blogs.brown.edu/recoveredmemory/. Christianson, S. A. (1992). The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Clark, R. E., Zola, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (2000). Impaired recognition memory in rats after damage to the hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20(23), 88538860. Corkin, S. (1965). Tactually-guided maze learning in man: Eects of unilateral cortical excisions and bilateral hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychologia, 3, 339351. Corkin, S. (1968). Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision. Neuropsy- chologia, 6, 255264. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11816/1.1> 3 Corkin, S., Amaral D. G., González, R. G., Johnson, K. A., & Hyman, B. T. (1997). H. M.'s medial temporal lobe lesion: Findings from magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(10), 3964 3979. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671684. Craik, F. I. M., Moroz, T. M., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Tulving, E., & Kapur, S. (1999). In search of the self: A positron emission tomography study. Psychological Science, 10(1), 2634. Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 104(3), 268294. Craik, F. I. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1973). The role of rehearsal in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 599607. Green, J. T., & Woodru-Pak, D. S. (2000). Eyeblink classical conditioning in aging animals. In D. S. Woodru-Pak & J. E. Steinmetz (Eds.), Eyeblink classical conditioning: Animal models (Vol. 2, pp.155 178). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic. Greenberg, D. L. (2004). President Bush's false [ashbulb] memory of 9/11/01. Applied. Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 363370. doi:10.1002/acp.1016 Devilly, G. J. (2007). If nothing happened why do I still hurt? An update on the memory wars. InPsych, 29(2), 1618. Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1885) Goodman, G. S. (2006). Children's eyewitness memory: A modern history and contemporary commen- tary. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 811832. Hassabis D., & Maguire E. A. (2007). Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 299306. Jacobs, J. (1887). Experiments on prehension. Mind, 12, 7579. Josselyn, J. A. (2010). Continuing the search for the engram: Examining the mechanism of fear memories. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 35(4), 221228. Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Tulving, E., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Brown, G. M. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: Levels of processing eect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(6), 2082011. Lashley K. S. (1950). In search of the engram. Society of Experimental Biology Symposium, 4: Psycho- logical Mechanisms in Animal Behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585589. MacLeod, C. M., Gopie, N., Hourihan, K. L., Neary, K. R., & Ozubko, J. D. (2010). The production eect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 671685. Mayford, M., Siegelbaum, S. A., & Kandel, E. R. (2012). Synapses and memory storage. New York, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. McGaugh, J. L. (2003). Memory and emotion: The making of lasting memories. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. McLeod, S. A. (2011). Anterograde amnesia [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/anterograde-amnesia.html Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 68, 8187. Myhrer, T. (2003). Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: A meta-