Indigenous Research Methodologies in Sámi and Global Contexts New Research – New Voices Series Editor Halla B. Holmarsdottir (Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway) International Advisory Board Karen Biraimah (University of Central Florida, USA) Heidi Biseth (Buskerud University College, Norway) Joan DeJaeghere (University of Minnesota, USA) Zubeida Desai (University of the Western Cape, South Africa) Alawia Farag (Ahfad University for Women, Sudan) Fatma Gok (Bogazici University, Turkey) Lihong Huang (Norwegian Social Research (NOVA) Institute, Norway) Suzanne Majhanovich (University of Western Ontario, Canada) Diane Napier (University of Georgia, USA) Vuyokazi Nomlomo (University of the Western Cape, South Africa) Gerald Ouma (University of Pretoria, South Africa) Adila Pašalić-Kreso (University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Yusuf Sayed (University of Sussex, UK) Volume 11 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nrnv Indigenous Research Methodologies in Sámi and Global Contexts Edited by Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen, Pigga Keskitalo and Torjer Olsen leiden | boston This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. All chapters in this book have undergone peer review. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Virtanen, Pirjo Kristiina, editor. | Keskitalo, Pigga, 1972- editor. | Olsen, Torjer, editor. Title: Indigenous research methodologies in Sá mi and global contexts / edited by Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen, Pigga Keskitalo and Torjer Olsen. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill | Sense, [2021] | Series: New research - new voices, 2542-9221 ; volume 11 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021010843 (print) | LCCN 2021010844 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004420670 (paperback) | ISBN 9789004420687 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004463097 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sami (European people)--Study and teaching. | Indigenous peoples--Research--Methodology. | Ethnology--Methodology. Classification: LCC DL42.L36 I66 2021 (print) | LCC DL42.L36 (ebook) | DDC 305.894/5700721--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010843 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010844 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2542-9221 isbn 978-90-04-42067-0 (paperback) isbn 978-90-04-42068-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-46309-7 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen, Pigga Keskitalo and Torjer Olsen. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Notes on Contributors viii Introduction 1 Pigga Keskitalo, Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen and Torjer Olsen 1 Contemporary Indigenous Research within Sámi and Global Indigenous Studies Contexts 7 Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen, Torjer Olsen and Pigga Keskitalo 2 Sámi dutkama máttut: The Forerunners of Sámi Methodological Thinking 33 Jelena Porsanger and Irja Seurujärvi-Kari 3 Gáfestallan Talks of the Indigenous Research Paradigm in Sámi Research 65 Pigga Keskitalo, Torkel Rasmussen, Rauna Rahko-Ravantti and Rauni Äärelä-Vihriälä 4 Developing Literacy Research in Sápmi 84 Hanna Outakoski 5 Decolonized Research-Storying: Bringing Indigenous Ontologies and Care into the Practices of Research Writing 113 Hanna Guttorm, Lea Kantonen, Britt Kramvig and Aili Pyhälä 6 ‘Shared Remembering’ as a Relational Indigenous Method in Conceptualization of Sámi Women’s Leadership 144 Jelena Porsanger, Irja Seurujärvi-Kari and Ragnhild Lydia Nystad 7 Strengthening the Literacy of an Indigenous Language Community: Methodological Implications of the Project Č yeti č älled anarâškielân, ‘One Hundred Writers for Aanaar Saami’ 175 Marja-Liisa Olthuis, Trond Trosterud, Erika Katjaana Sarivaara, Petter Morottaja and Eljas Niskanen 8 Reflections on Power Relations and Reciprocity in the Field While Conducting Research with Indigenous Peoples 201 Attila Paksi and Ilona Kivinen vi Contents 9 Kimapury Reflections: Values and Research Agendas in Amazonian Indigenous Research Relations 229 Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen Epilogue 254 Torjer Olsen, Pigga Keskitalo and Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen Index 257 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 A traditional Sámi lávvu (Design by Davvi Girji, from Porsanger 2018, 10). 37 3.1 Ruvdet as processing relational knowledge in Sámi research. 78 6.1 Methodology – ollisvuohta [holistically]: A working note as a visualization of discussions on method, 17 September 2018. 147 6.2 Ontology of relations according to Porsanger (2007, 35–37) (Graphic design by Attila Paksi). 148 6.3 Wedding picture of Inger Elisabeth Utsi, who married Petter Jovnna Utsi in Kárášjohka/Karasjok (Photograph by Jelena Porsanger, 2018, reproduced with permission). 150 6.4 Conceptualization of Sámi women’s leadership according to our experiences (Design by Attila Paksi, based on the solju design by Petteri Laiti; reproduced with permission). 151 6.5 The Sámi representatives at the First Summit of Indigenous peoples, organized by Rigoberta Menchú Tum in Chimaltenango, Guatemala in 1993: Lars-Anders Bær, Pekka Aikio, Ole Henrik Magga, and Jelena Porsanger (Personal archive of Jelena Porsanger). 161 6.6 Establishment of the Sámi Parliamentary Council, the co-operational body for Sámi Parliaments in Finland (F), Norway (N) and Sweden (S), the Sami from the Kola Peninsula, Russia (R), as observers, March 2, 2000 in Kárášjohka/Karasjok, Norway (Personal archive of Irja Seurujärvi-Kari). 164 Tables 4.1 Summary of the analysis of the implementation of 11 guiding principles on two adjacent and related literacy studies in Sápmi. The darker the colour of the box, the less successfully has the principle been considered and implemented in the project. The white boxes indicate that the principle has been actively implemented throughout the study. 100 8.1 Principles of research practices, as described by Snow et al. (2016). 204 8.2 The applied field methods while working with the Khwe San people. 210 Notes on Contributors Rauni Äärelä-Vihriälä (PhD in Education) is Associate Professor of Education at the Sámi University of Applied Sciences in Norway. She has also been working as a primary school teacher and Sámi language teacher for fifteen years in her home village of So- dankylä. The focus of her doctoral research was on the revitalization of the endangered Sámi language. The objective of this pioneer study was to provide a new perspective on Sámi language revitalization by analyzing the revitaliza- tion of Sámi language among children in one North Sámi language nest. Hanna Guttorm (PhD in Education) is widely interested in life and its possibilities on our plan- et. She is especially inspired by Indigenous ontologies and post theories, in- vestigating how we should do and write research in order to make a change towards a more ecological, social and cultural sustainability and solidarity. She has revitalized the language of his father, North Sámi, and has worked as As- sociate Professor in Sámi Teacher Education at the Sámi University of Applied Sciences in Norway. Currently she works as senior researcher in Indigenous Studies at the University of Helsinki. Her current research on healing method- ologies is funded by Kone foundation. In addition, she participates in multiple collaborative research projects concerning different Arctic Indigenous issues. Lea Kantonen (Doctor of Arts) is Professor of Artistic Research at the University of the Arts Helsinki’s Academy of Fine Arts and a researcher with the University of the Arts Helsinki’s ArtsEqual initiative. She is interested in artistic dialogue with people from different cultures, language domains, generations, and profes- sions. Her other interests include translation as part of the artistic process. Lea Kantonen and her partner, Pekka Kantonen, have exhibited internationally in art museums and locally in community centres and village schools. They have facilitated multilingual performances and workshops on the different interpre- tations of knowledge. Exhibitions, screenings and other presentations provide feedback on the ongoing processes – a means of continuous methodological revision and conversation. Pigga Keskitalo (PhD in Education) is a researcher at the University of Lapland. She is an Ad- junct Professor at the University of Helsinki. She is currently working as a part- time researcher at the Sámi University of Applied Sciences (SUAS). Formerly, Notes on Contributors ix she worked for 20 years at the Sámi teacher education program at SUAS. She is a member of the UArctic Thematic Network on Teacher Education for Social Justice. She has participated in various national and international research and development