DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVERSE DESIGN METHOD FOR PROPELLERS WITH APPLICATION ON LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES ENTWICKLUNG EINER INVERSEN AUSLEGUNGSMETHODE FÜR PROPELLER UND DERER ANWENDUNG AUF LINKSVENTRIKULÄRE UNTERSTÜTZUNGSPUMPEN Der Technischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr.-Ing. vorgelegt von Mihai Bleiziffer geb. Miclea aus Hermannstadt Rumänien Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Technischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.07.2017 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reinhard Lerch Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Antonio Delgado Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alexandrina Unt˘aroiu II This page intentionally left blank III Copyright Hinweis Die vorliegende Arbeit verwendet die Schriftart Utopia®. Sie ist von Adobe zur Verwendung durch die TEX Users Group (TUG) freigegeben und unterliegt dem Copyright. Der mathematische Zeichensatz wird durch das Paket Fourier-GUTenberg über das Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) zur Verfügung gestellt. Copyright 1989, 1991 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Utopia® Utopia is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Used under license. IV To Helen and Sophie V Acknowledgments First, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my mentor Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Antonio Delgado for guiding me during the past 9 years, finally adding more value to the present thesis by the suggestions he made during the review. It is due to him that I could go deeper in the fantastic world of fluid me- chanics and turbomachinery while working at the LSTM in Erlangen. He not only guided me all these years but he gave me a platform on which I could freely create and develop myself. I have to thank him for encouraging and making my visiting research stage at the University of Virginia possible. He helped me overcome weaknesses and transform them into strengths and further improve myself. I want to express my gratitude to Prof. Alexandrina Untaroiu from Virginia Polytechnic Institute for the suggestions she made to the present thesis and for accepting to be a member in the doctoral examination committee. I also want to thank her for inviting me for a research stage at the University of Virginia while I could work on the validation of the ADAP code. I want to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jovan Jovanovic who not only introduced me to the world of turbulence but also advised me every time I had questions. I also want to thank him for accepting to be the chairman of my doctoral committee. The former group leader of the turbomachinery group at LSTM, Prof. Dr.-Ing Philipp Epple I want to thank for inviting me to join his group and for sharing with me his fan and blower design experi- ence. We have worked together at many interesting industrial projects, where I was able to extend my knowledge in aerodynamics. I want to thank Prof. Dr. Ing. Özgür Ertunç for welcoming me in his research group at LSTM and for many advices he gave me over the time. I am also thankful to Prof. Marc Drela from the MIT for his advice on the numerical cascade simulations and for inspiring me with his work. I express my appreciation to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Peter Majschak from the TU-Dresden who opened me the way to the academic world and offered me the first job as a researcher after finishing my studies. I am also grateful for the support given by the leaders of the turbomachinery group, Bettina Grashof and Matthias Semel. I want to thank my former colleagues Dr. Frauke Groß, Judith Forstner, Dr. Ana Zbogar-Rasic, Jens Krauß, Dr. Manuel Münch, David Botello-Payro, Balkan Genc, and Dr. Giovanni Luzi for the good time we had at LSTM. I also want to thank my bachelor and master students, es- pecially Patrick Töpfer and Ulrich Schlegel for their work with me and for performing most of the measurements presented in this thesis. I am thankful to Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Epple from Cardiobridge Gmbh for the good work during the ZIM funded project, and for providing the first version of the MOCK setup as well as the original P 14F pump. I thank him and the company for allowing me to publish pictures and data of the 14F Reitan Catheter Pump. I also want to thank MD PhD. Oyvind Reitan from the Lund University for sharing with me his work and for helping me understand the physiological impact of a blood pump. Measurements on test rigs would not have been possible without the support given by the LSTM workshop. First I want to thank the head of the LSTM workshop Hermann Lienhart. I want to thank Heinz Hedwig and Herbert Kaiser from the mechanical workshop for building my test rigs. I also want to thank Rolf Zech, Franz Kaschak and especially Horst Weber for helping me build the LDA setup and VII all electronic devices needed for the measurements. The IT support provided by Sebastian Röhl and Thorsten Bielke is gratefully acknowledged. For the time I have been at LSTM the secretariat was one of its central points, and its importance grew after I left the institute. I want to thank Mrs. Georgia Bouna, Mrs. Isolina Paulus, Mrs. Anke Lutz and especially Mrs. Franziska Jung for the good cooperation, for organizing my work and helping me keep a good contact to the institute. I also want to thank the administration of LSTM especially to Dr. -Ing. Bernhard Mohr, Sonja Hupfer and Claudia Gerstacker. The financial support for my research stage at the University of Virginia was granted by the Graduate School for Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) in Erlangen. I want to thank Dr. Dubravka Melling, PD. Dr Andreas Bräuer and Joana Stümpfig Barrinho for their support and for the good time I had during the SAOT academies. The support of the Edmund-Bradatsch-Foundation for printing this thesis is also gratefully acknowledged. I am grateful to my colleagues and friends Charles Comeau, Aleksandar Sekularac and Tim Weiland for the hard work they have done in reviewing the present thesis. I also thank my friend Jaswinder Singh for a first review and for a lot of support in numerical fluid mechanics. My friend Dr. Ionut Georgescu I would like to thank for encouraging me to follow my dream and for offering me his help every time I needed. Without his advice in Matlab a part of this work would not have been possible. I would like to thank Mrs. Renate Krämer, our friend and neighbour in Worms, for the days I could write undisturbed at her home. I would like to thank my parents for encouraging me to learn and keep persevering in my passion and for the financial support during my studies. I want to thank my grandparents Alice (1925-1989) and Gheorghe Istodorescu (1922-2015) for raising me and teaching me to always be curious and seek for answers. My parents-in-law were a huge source of support for which I am grateful. For her continuous support and unselfish love I would like to thank my wife Helen. She encouraged me to pursue my passion and has been patient the many nights and weekends in the past 9 years while I was working at this thesis. Her support has extended after the birth of our daughter Sophie for who she cared also in my place so I was able to complete this work. Köszönöm és szeretlek teljes szívemb˝ol! VIII Contents List of Figures XI List of Tables XV 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Short overview of LVAD used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock . 2 1.2 Design and analysis methods for VADs . 5 1.3 Outline and objectives of the dissertation . 5 2 Selected aspects in relevant areas for the design of VADs 7 2.1 Design consideration for VADs . 7 2.1.1 Human circulatory system . 7 2.1.2 Blood composition and its physical properties . 8 2.1.3 Considerations on blood damage for VADs . 10 2.1.4 Design requirements (duty point of a LVAD) . 11 2.1.5 Head characteristics . 12 2.2 Governing equations for fluid dynamics and aerodynamics . 13 2.2.1 Governing equations for fluid dynamics . 14 2.2.2 RANS turbulence modeling . 16 2.2.3 Two-dimensional flows for aero- and hydrodynamics applications . 18 2.3 Air- and hydrofoil families: laminar NACA 6-Digit series . 19 2.4 Propeller design methods . 21 2.4.1 Axial momentum theory for propellers . 22 2.4.2 Blade element theory . 26 2.4.3 Design theory using the radial loss model proposed by Betz and Prandtl . 28 2.4.4 Design theory using the radial loss model proposed by Goldstein . 33 2.4.5 Design method correction for moderately loaded propellers . 34 2.4.6 Design theory using lifting-line and vortex-lattice theories . 34 2.5 Design and construction of a closed loop measurement test rig . 36 2.5.1 Test rig set-up and construction . 36 2.5.2 Methods and materials . 40 2.5.3 Data recording . 44 2.5.4 Initialization and characteristics of the LDA flow-rate measurement system . 48 2.6 Design and construction of a MCL . 50 3 Presentation and discussion of the results 53 3.1 Procedure for designing propellers . 53 3.2 Development of a propeller design and analysis code . 54 3.2.1 Numerical solution for thin airfoil cascades . 54 3.2.2 Sensitivity check for the CVL computational model . 58 3.2.3 Propeller design framework . 68 3.2.4 An iterative method for correcting the lift distribution for propellers with small pitch- to-chord ratios .