Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Demystified Series Accounting Demystified Macroeconomics Demystified Advanced Calculus Demystified Management Accounting Demystified Advanced Physics Demystified Math Proofs Demystified Advanced Statistics Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Algebra Demystified MATLAB® Demystified Alternative Energy Demystified Medical Billing and Coding Demystified Anatomy Demystified Medical Terminology Demystified asp.net 2.0 Demystified Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Astronomy Demystified Meteorology Demystified Audio Demystified Microbiology Demystified Biology Demystified Microeconomics Demystified Biotechnology Demystified Nanotechnology Demystified Business Calculus Demystified Nurse Management Demystified Business Math Demystified OOP Demystified Business Statistics Demystified Options Demystified C++ Demystified Organic Chemistry Demystified Calculus Demystified Personal Computing Demystified Chemistry Demystified Pharmacology Demystified Circuit Analysis Demystified Physics Demystified College Algebra Demystified Physiology Demystified Corporate Finance Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Databases Demystified Precalculus Demystified Data Structures Demystified Probability Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Project Management Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified Psychology Demystified Earth Science Demystified Quality Management Demystified Electricity Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified Electronics Demystified Real Estate Math Demystified Engineering Statistics Demystified Relativity Demystified Environmental Science Demystified Robotics Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Sales Management Demystified Fertility Demystified Signals and Systems Demystified Financial Planning Demystified Six Sigma Demystified Forensics Demystified Spanish Demystified French Demystified SQL Demystified Genetics Demystified Statics and Dynamics Demystified Geometry Demystified Statistics Demystified German Demystified Technical Analysis Demystified Home Networking Demystified Technical Math Demystified Investing Demystified Trigonometry Demystified Italian Demystified UML Demystified Java Demystified Visual Basic 2005 Demystified JavaScript Demystified Visual C# 2005 Demystified Lean Six Sigma Demystified Vitamins and Minerals Demystified Linear Algebra Demystified XML Demystified Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Mary DiGiulio, RN, MSN, APRN Donna Jackson, RN, MSN, APRN Jim Keogh New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 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Love, Donna Donna Jackson, RN, MSN This book is dedicated to Anne, Sandy, Joanne, Amber-Leigh Christine, and Shawn, without whose help and support this book couldn’t have been written. Jim Keogh This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Introduction xiv CHAPTER 1 Cardiovascular System 1 How the Cardiovascular System Works 3 Just the Facts 4 Aortic Aneurysm 4 Angina (Angina Pectoris) 7 Myocardial Infarction (MI) 11 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 15 Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) 18 Cardiac Tamponade 21 Cardiogenic Shock 23 Cardiomyopathy 26 Endocarditis 29 Heart Failure [Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)] 31 Hypertension (HTN) 35 Hypovolemic Shock 38 Myocarditis 41 Pericarditis 42 Pulmonary Edema 45 Raynaud’s Disease 47 Rheumatic Heart Disease 49 Thrombophlebitis 51 Atrial Fibrillation 53 Asystole 56 viii Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Ventricular Fibrillation 58 Ventricular Tachycardia 59 Aortic Insufficiency (AI) 62 Mitral Insufficiency 63 Mitral Stenosis 65 Mitral Valve Prolapse 67 Tricuspid Insufficiency 69 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 71 Quiz 82 CHAPTER 2 Respiratory System 85 How the Respiratory System Works 86 Just the Facts 87 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 87 Asbestosis 91 Asthma 93 Atelectasis 96 Bronchiectasis 99 Bronchitis 101 Cor Pulmonale 104 Emphysema 107 Lung Cancer 110 Pleural Effusion 113 Pneumonia 115 Pneumothorax 118 Respiratory Acidosis 120 Tuberculosis (TB) 122 Acute Respiratory Failure 124 Pulmonary Embolism 127 Influenza 130 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 132 Quiz 140 CHAPTER 3 Immune System 143 How the Immune System Works 144 Just the Facts 145 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 145 Anaphylaxis 147 Ankylosing Spondylitis 149 Contents ix Kaposi’s Sarcoma(KS) 151 Lymphoma 153 Rheumatoid Arthritis 155 Scleroderma 157 Mononucleosis 159 Epstein-Barr Virus/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 160 Lyme Disease 162 Septic Shock 163 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 165 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 167 Quiz 171 CHAPTER 4 Hematologic System 175 How the Hematologic System Works 176 Just the Facts 177 Anemia 177 Aplastic Anemia (Pancytopenia) 179 Iron Deficiency Anemia 181 Pernicious Anemia 183 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 185 Hemophilia 187 Leukemia 189 Multiple Myeloma 192 Polycythemia Vera 194 Sickle Cell Anemia 197 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) 199 Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) 201 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 203 Quiz 206 CHAPTER 5 Nervous System 209 How the Nervous System Works 210 Just the Facts 212 Head Injury 212 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 216 Bell’s Palsy 218 Brain Abscess 219 Brain Tumor 222 Cerebral Aneurysm 225 x Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Encephalitis 227 Guillain-Barré Syndrome 230 Huntington’s Disease (Chorea) 232 Meningitis 234 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 237 Myasthenia Gravis 240 Parkinson’s Disease 243 Spinal Cord Injury 246 Stroke 249 Seizure Disorder 252 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 255 Quiz 258 CHAPTER 6 Musculoskeletal System 261 How the Musculoskeletal System Works 262 Just the Facts 263 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 263 Fractures 266 Gout 268 Osteoarthritis 271 Osteomyelitis 273 Osteoporosis 275 Crucial Diagnostic Tests 277 Quiz 280 CHAPTER 7 Gastrointestinal System 283 How the Gastrointestinal System Works 284 Just the