3/4/10 Gentianaceae - gentian family! Cosmopolitan family of 80 genera and nearly 900 species. Herbs to small trees (in the tropics) with opposite leaves. CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) Flowers 4 or 5 merous; pistil superior of 2 carpels; parietal placentation; fruit capsular Gentianaceae - gentian family! Gentianaceae - gentian family! Gentiana is 5 merous, with plaits Gentianopsis procera - fringed gentian between each petal lobe Genus is 4 merous with fringed petals Gentiana andrewsii - Bottle gentian Gentiana puberulenta - Prairie gentian 1 3/4/10 Gentianaceae - gentian family! Apocynaceae - dogbane family! Mainly tropical family of trees and vines with opposite leaves. Milky latex commonly poisonous and source of medicinal drugs. Vinca minor - periwinkle Introduced ground cover, often spreading Gentianella is 4-5 merous, without fringe, and without plaits between petal lobes Gentianella quinquefolia - stiff gentian Gentianopsis crinita - fringed gentian Apocynaceae - dogbane family! Apocynaceae - dogbane family! CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2 CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2 Flowers 5 merous, small, and with 2 Fruits are follicles with cottony seeds for separate carpels. wind dispersal. Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading dogbane Spreading dogbane Apocynum sibiricum Apocynum sibiricum Hemp dogbane Hemp dogbane 2 3/4/10 Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Now placed in Apocynaceae. Opposite leaves generally (rarely whorled or alternate). Heavy latex system of nasty compounds. Flowers often in umbels; fruits of each flower 2 follicles. Note 2 free carpels slightly fused at top _______ CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 Corona = hood + crest Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Unusual corona structure for nectar reward Fusion of 5 stamens and top of gynoecium _______ _______ CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 Corona = hood + crest Corona = hood + crest Gynoestegium = A + G Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass Pollinia = pollen mass 3 3/4/10 Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Gland is attached to two pollinia _______ _______ CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 Corona = hood + crest Corona = hood + crest Gynoestegium = A + G Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass Pollinia = pollen mass Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! “Las Vegas” strategy of pollination; but when occurs, all ∞ ovules are fertilized. Typically few follicles are produced per plant. Note seeds with coma attached for wind dispersal. Bee removing pollinia or inserting pollinia into stigmatic cleft _______ CA (5) CO (5) X 5 A 5 G 2 Corona = hood + crest Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass Asclepias amplexicaulis - Clasping milkweed 4 3/4/10 Asclepiadaceae - milkweed family! Rubiaceae - coffee family! Important & large family of trees/ shrubs in the pantropics Asclepias tuberosa - Butterfly weed Opposite or whorled leaves Inter-petiolar stipules All species in Wisconsin are 4-merous; species in Asclepias syriaca - Common milkweed the tropics are largely 5- Coffea arabica - coffee merous Asclepias incarnata - Swamp milkweed Galium - Bedstraw Rubiaceae - coffee family! Rubiaceae - coffee family! Opposite or whorled leaves Inter-petiolar stipules __ CA (4) CO (4) A 4 G (2) Galium aparine - cleavers All species in Wisconsin are 4-merous; species in Cleavers and bedstraws are numerous; separated by the tropics are largely 5- The family has inferior ovary. number of whorled leaves and fruit type merous Galium - Bedstraw 5 3/4/10 Rubiaceae - coffee family! Rubiaceae - coffee family! Galium obtusum Cephalanthus occidentalis - buttonbush Wild madder Only shrub in Wisconsin; restricted to riparian forest or lake edges. Note “heads” of tiny flowers. Galium lanceolatum - wild licorice Rubiaceae - coffee family! Rubiaceae - coffee family! Mitchella repens Partridge berry, twin-berry Note: paired flowers above Houstonia caerula- azure bluets with connate pistils; “twin” Special concern berry to right 6 3/4/10 Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanaceae - nightshade family! • Large cosmopolitan family of alternate-leaved herbs, vines, or shrubs with cyme inflorescences • Important family for nasty compounds (and drugs) Capsicum - pepper • Important for source of foods (potato, tomato, pepper) Solanum - tomato & eggplant Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanaceae - nightshade family! Nicotiana tabacum Atropa belladona Brugmansia Datura innoxia 7 3/4/10 Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanaceae - nightshade family! Physalis alkekengi - Japanese lantern Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanum carolinense - Horse nettle Solanum dulcamara - bitterweet 8 3/4/10 Solanaceae - nightshade family! Solanaceae - nightshade family! Physalis virginiana Ground cherry Note: calyx surrounding berry Datura stramonium Jimson-weed Introduced, hallucinogenic roadside weed . also called thorn- apple 9 .